| Guoqing Temple | |
|---|---|
國清寺 | |
 The Guoqing Monastery onTiantai Mountain. | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Buddhism |
| Sect | East Asian Buddhism–Tiantai |
| Prefecture | Taizhou |
| Province | Zhejiang |
| Rite | Chinese |
| Year consecrated | 598 CE |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
  Shown within Zhejiang Show map of Zhejiang Guoqing Temple (China) Show map of China | |
| Prefecture | Taizhou |
| Geographic coordinates | 29°10′23″N121°02′33″E / 29.173141°N 121.042594°E /29.173141; 121.042594 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Chinese architecture |
| Founder | Emperor Yang of Sui |
| Date established | 598 CE |
| Completed | 1734 (reconstruction) |
TheGuoqing Temple (simplified Chinese:国清寺;traditional Chinese:國清寺;pinyin:Guóqīng sì;Wade–Giles:Kuo-ch'ing Ssu) is aBuddhist temple onMount Tiantai, inTaizhou,Zhejiang Province, China. Originally built in 598 CE during theSui dynasty, and renovated during the reign of theQingYongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735), the temple is located roughly 220 kilometres (140 mi) from the city ofHangzhou. It was the initial site for the creation of theTiantai school ofMahāyāna Buddhism, founded by the Chinese Buddhist teacherZhiyi (538–597 CE).[1] The temple covers an area of some 23,000 m2 (250,000 sq ft) and features 600 rooms in a total of 14 different halls, including theMahavira Hall ofSakyamuni, theHall of Five Hundred Arhats and the Hall of MonkJigong. The exterior of the building featuresChinese pagodas such as the Sui Pagoda, the Seven Buddha Pagoda, and the Memorial Pagoda of MonkYi Xing (6832–727 CE).[2][3]
In 598 CE, according toMaster Zhiyi's last wish, the ruler ofSui dynasty (581–618 CE) built Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai. TheTiantai school was one of the firstChinese Buddhist schools to evolve fromEast Asian Buddhism afterit was spread to China.[1] Its founder, the Chinese Buddhist teacherZhiyi (538–597 CE), lived on Mount Tiantai in Zhejiang for a long time—hence the name of the Tiantai school.[1][2][3]
Under theTang dynasty (618–907 CE), a large number ofJapanese diplomats came to China. In the second year of the Zhenyuan Period (804 CE), the eminentJapanese Buddhist monkSaichō came with the diplomats. He studied the Tiantai doctrines in Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai introduced by Lu Chun, prefectural governor ofNingbo, Zhejiang. One year later, Saichō returned to Japan where he founded theTendai school, based on the Tiantai teachings.[1] Since then, the Guoqing Temple has been regarded as the cradle of the Tendai school in Japan.[4][5]
In 1972, in order to restorediplomatic relations between China and Japan, the Japanese Prime MinisterKakuei Tanaka paid a visit to thePeople's Republic of China to which theChinese government attached great importance and made proper arrangements.[6]
During Tanaka's visit, he proposed a personal request to Prime MinisterZhou Enlai to worship at Guoqing Temple, as it was the ancestral temple ofTendai Buddhism in Japan.[7][8] Tanaka's mother was a devout Buddhist from the Tendai school, who, before he visited China, had asked him to pay homage in the Guoqing Temple on her behalf.[8]
After Tanaka's request, Zhou made inquiries to the relevant departments of Zhejiang province. However, he was told that the Guoqing Temple was unable to receive the Japanese guest at that time as it had not been repaired for many years.[8] Tanaka was informed that Guoqing Temple was being renovated and that he would receive an invitation after it was completed.[6]
Zhou Enlai ordered the renovation plan for Guoqing Temple almost immediately after the visit and stipulated that the temple was to be renovated by 1975.[8] After receiving the notification document, the government of Tiantai County immediately established the Tiantai County Guoqing Temple Restoration Committee.[6]
Because of theCultural Revolution, some of the ancient buildings inside the templehad been either destroyed or damaged by theRed Guards for many years after theanti-religious campaign in Communist China. Many original statues of Buddha and musical instruments of the temple had been lost or vandalized. The Restoration Committee gave notice to all units and people from the entire county to find these cultural relics from the Guoqing Temple. A total of 323 out of 500 statues of the Five HundredArhats from the temple were found stored in a farm implements factory in Tiantai County, with a few having sustained some damage. A large bronze musical stone (铜磬) with inscriptions, which was cast during theQing dynasty (1644–1911), was also found in another storehouse. In addition, horizontal inscribed boards (匾额) were also found in a cotton textile mill in the same county.[6]
TheState Council permitted the Restoration Committee to select and transport some Buddha statues and sacrificial vessels to Guoqing Temple. The committee went to thePalace Museum,Yonghe Lamasery, Beijing Cultural Relics Management Office, and other units of cultural relics to select Buddha statues and musical instruments as a replacement. A total of 109 cultural relics were selected and transported to Guoqing Temple, which were packed in 12 big cases.[6]
As there were many cultural artifacts, some of them being huge Buddha statues, it was decided that they would be transported by train. The railway sector arranged two specialized train carriages to transport them. Among the relics, the largest was a statue ofSakyamuni Buddha dating to theMing dynasty (1368–1644) which weighed 13 tonnes. After the renovation, the statue of Sakyamuni was placed in the middle of theMahavira Hall, with statues of theEighteen Arhats on both sides of the hall. A large bronze tripod from theQianlong Period of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was placed in front of the Mahavira Hall. Two white marble lions were placed before the gate of the temple.[6]
The original cultural relics from Guoqing Temple, some of which were damaged, were also restored. The Restoration Committee invited 78 surviving craftsmen to participate in the restoration of Guoqing Temple. During the restoration of the horizontal inscribed boards and couplets on the pillar of the temple, it was discovered that some characters on these horizontal inscribed boards and couplets had been lost or damaged.[6]
To restore these incomplete cultural relics, the craftsmen used a unique skill, namely the "dried lacquer and ramie process" (干漆夹苎). The craftsmen used 13 raw materials, such as raw lacquer, ramie, colorful stone powder and tung oil to wrap and glue the linen and paint which they then polished repeatedly. Then, they painted auxiliary materials, such as cinnabar, and at last, they pasted gold foil. A total of 2.5 kilograms of gold was used in the restoration efforts.[6]
In addition to renovating and repairing the original cultural relics, workers of the Restoration Committee elaborately designed some new sculptures and items inside the temple. Statues of twovajra warriors inside Guoqing Temple were also reshaped by the craftsmen. Besides, the altar (供桌) in the Mahavira Hall were also built by the craftsmen. They spent over 300 labor-hours on the carve patterns on the altar.[6]
The temple'sFree Life Pond is located at the southwest corner of the temple. Beside the pond are theYuleguo ("fish's paradise") stele (鱼乐国) inscribed byDong Qichang, a famous calligrapher from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), as well as an imperial monument from the Qianlong Emperor. Ten blackcarp from Linghu Nuresery (菱湖渔场),Jiaxing, Zhejiang, was introduced into the pond.[6]
During the renovation, an ancientprune tree which was planted under the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) over 1300 years ago in Guoqing Temple was revived. With unremitting efforts of the craftsmens, Guoqing Temple's renovation was completed as scheduled.[6] On October 18, 1975, the first delegation of Japanese guests was received.[6]
The large bronze tripod (青铜鼎) cast inQianlong Period of theQing dynasty (1644–1911) of China comes from thePalace Museum. Its shape is simple, unsophisticated and elegant. With two ears and three feet, it is 3.8-metre (12 ft) high overall, with the four big characters of "Sheng Shou Wu Jiang" (圣寿无疆). The tripod is decorated with three lions playing ball wheel of life, conch and other eight-treasure patterns. Exquisitely patterned it is of very high artistic vallce. Over 40 years ago, it was collected in the Palace Museum inBeijing. Now it belongs to Guoqing Temple more than a thousand miles away from Beijing.[6]
The statue of Sakyamuni is a bronze statue made in theMing dynasty (1368–1644).[6][9] The 18 Arhat statues come fromYonghe Lamasery. They are high-quantity works carved with nanmu in theYuan dynasty (1271–1368).[6][9] The two white marbleChinese guardian lions come from Beijing and were carved in theQing dynasty (1644–1911).[6]
From the Guoqing Temple, theTiantai school ofEast Asian Buddhism originated and spread to bothKorea andJapan during theTang dynasty (618–907 CE). The tall brick Guoqing Pagoda built at the temple in the year 597 CE is still standing,[10] making it one of the oldest surviving brick pagodas in China, after the 40 metres (130 ft) tall ChineseSongyue Pagoda built in 523 CE.
