Gregor Strasser | |
|---|---|
 Strasserc. 1928 | |
| Organisationsabteilung Leiter, later Reichsorganisationsleiter NSDAP | |
| In office 2 January 1928 – 8 December 1932 | |
| Preceded by | General Bruno Heinemann |
| Succeeded by | Adolf Hitler Robert Ley |
| Reichspropagandaleiter NSDAP | |
| In office 16 September 1926 – 2 January 1928 | |
| Preceded by | Otto May |
| Succeeded by | Adolf Hitler |
| Gauleiter ofLower Bavaria; Lower Bavaria-Upper Palatinate; Lower Bavaria | |
| In office 26 February 1925 – 1 November 1929 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Otto Erbersdobler (Lower Bavaria) Adolf Wagner (Upper Palatinate) |
| Member of theReichstag | |
| In office 7 December 1924 – March 1933 | |
| Constituency | Upper Bavaria |
| Member of theLandtag of Bavaria | |
| In office 4 May 1924 – 7 December 1924 | |
| Constituency | Pfaffenhofen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1892-05-31)31 May 1892 Geisenfeld,Bavaria,German Empire |
| Died | 30 June 1934(1934-06-30) (aged 42) Berlin,Nazi Germany |
| Cause of death | Execution by shooting |
| Political party | Völkischer Block (1922–1925) Nazi Party (1925–1932) |
| Profession | Pharmacist |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  German Empire Weimar Republic |
| Branch/service |  Bavarian Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1919 |
| Rank | Oberleutnant |
| Unit | Freikorps |
| Battles/wars | World War I German Revolution |
| Awards | Iron Cross |
Gregor Strasser (alsoGerman:Straßer, seeß; 31 May 1892 – 30 June 1934) was a German politician and early leader of theNazi Party. Along with his younger brotherOtto, he was a leading member of the party's left-wing faction, which brought them into conflict with the dominant faction led byAdolf Hitler, resulting in his murder in 1934. The brothers' strand of theNazi ideology is known asStrasserism.
Born inBavaria, Strasser served in anImperial German Army artillery regiment duringWorld War I, rising to the rank offirst lieutenant and winning theIron Cross of both classes for bravery. After the war, he and his brother became members ofFranz Ritter von Epp'sFreikorps. He joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1920 and quickly became an influential and important figure in the fledgling party. In 1923, Strasser took part in the abortiveBeer Hall Putsch in Munich and was imprisoned. After securing an early release following his election to theReichstag, he joined a revived NSDAP in 1925 and once again established himself as a powerful and dominant member. A highly skilled organiser and effective public speaker, Strasser oversaw a major increase in the party's membership and reputation innorthern Germany, transforming the NSDAP from a marginal southern party to a nationwide political force. By mid-1932, Strasser was in charge of the party's national organizational work.
A strong advocate of the Nazi Party's radical wing, Strasser's anti-capitalist,revolutionary nationalist programme had led Hitler to repudiate him at the 1926Bamberg Conference. The two later reconciled but their peace was increasingly untenable from 1930 on. In December 1932, ChancellorKurt von Schleicher offered Strasser the post of Vice-Chancellor, creating a potential split within the Nazi Party. In response, Hitler isolated Strasser in the party and forced him to resign from all party offices. Strasser then renounced hisReichstag seat and retired from active politics, returning to his old profession as a pharmacist. On 30 June 1934, in a purge that became known as theNight of the Long Knives, Strasser was arrested by theGestapo and subsequently executed.
Gregor Strasser was born on 31 May 1892 into the family of aCatholic judicial officer who lived in theUpper Bavarian market town ofGeisenfeld.[1][2] He grew up alongside his younger brotherOtto, who was considered the more intellectual of the two.[3] He attended the localGymnasium and after his final examinations, served an apprenticeship as apharmacist in the Lower Bavarian village of Frontenhausen from 1910 until 1914.[2]
When war broke out in Europe in 1914, Strasser suspended his studies atLudwig Maximilian University of Munich to enlist as a volunteer in theGerman Imperial Army. He served in the 1st Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment, rising to the rank ofOberleutnant and winning theIron Cross of both classes for bravery.[2][4] In 1918, he resumed his studies atFriedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg. He passed his state examination in 1919 and in 1920, he started work as a pharmacist inLandshut.[1]
In 1919, Strasser and his brother joined the right-wingFreikorps led byFranz Ritter von Epp.[5] The aim of the group was to suppresscommunism in Bavaria. He established and commanded theSturmbataillon Niederbayern ("Storm Battalion Lower Bavaria"), with the youngHeinrich Himmler employed as his adjutant.[2] Strasser was known for his enormous stature, commanding personality, and boundless organizational energy.[6] By March 1920, Strasser's Freikorps was ready to participate in the failedKapp Putsch, whereas his brother Otto had turned to the left of the political spectrum and helped combat this right-wingcoup d'état.[2]
The Strasser brothers advocated ananti-capitalist and social revolutionary course for the NSDAP, which at the same time was also firmlyantisemitic andanti-Marxist.[7]
By 1920, Strasser, and his paramilitary group had joined forces withAdolf Hitler'sNazi Party (NSDAP), anotherfar-right political party seated inMunich.[1][4] During the autumn of 1922, Strasser officially became a member of the NSDAP and theSA.[3] Strasser's leadership qualities were soon recognized, and he was appointed as regional head of theSturmabteilung ("Storm Detachment"; SA) inLower Bavaria.[8] In November 1923, he took an active part in the unsuccessfulBeer Hall Putsch, a coup attempt by Hitler andLudendorff against theWeimar Republic. He was tried with other putschists shortly after Hitler's trial, convicted of aiding and abetting high treason—his actual arrest was for attempting to recruit soldiers for the NSDAP, which had been outlawed[6]—on 12 May and sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment and a small fine.[9]
After a few weeks Strasser was released because he had been elected a member of the BavarianLandtag for the NSDAP-associated "Völkischer Block" on 6 April and 4 May (in the Palatinate) 1924, respectively.[10] In December 1924 Strasser won a seat for the "völkisch"National Socialist Freedom Movement in theReichstag. He represented the constituency Westphalia North.[11]
After the restoration of the NSDAP by Adolf Hitler on 26 February 1925, Strasser became the firstGauleiter ofLower Bavaria.[12] Because Strasser led up to 2,000 men in Landshut and was overworked, he began looking for an assistant.[13] Heinrich Himmler, who obtained the job, was tasked with expanding the organization in Lower Bavaria.[14] In December 1926, Strasser'sGau merged with that of theUpper Palatinate and Strasser headed the enlargedGau. After a subsequent partition on 1 October 1928, the Upper Palatinate was taken over byAdolf Wagner while Strasser continued asGauleiter of Lower Bavaria until 1 March 1929.[15]
After 1925, Strasser's organizational skills helped transform the Nazi Party from a marginal south-German splinter party into a nationwide party with mass appeal.[16][7] Due to the public-speaking ban issued against Hitler, Strasser had been deputized (by Hitler) to represent the party in the north and speak.[17] Through much of 1925, Strasser took full advantage of his liberties as a member of the Reichstag; using his free railroad passes,[17] he traveled extensively throughout northern and western Germany appointing Gauleiters, setting up party branches, and delivering numerous public speeches.[18] Lacking Hitler's oratorical gifts to move the masses, Strasser's personality alone was nonetheless sufficient to influence an audience.[19] His concerted efforts helped the northern party so much that before the end of 1925, there were some 272 local NSDAP chapters compared to the 71 that existed before the failed putsch.[20] Strasser's brand of socialism is discernible from a speech he made to the Reichstag in November 1925:
We National Socialists want the economic revolution involving the nationalization of the economy...We want in place of an exploitative capitalist economic system a real socialism, maintained not by a soulless Jewish-materialist outlook but by the believing, sacrificial, and unselfish old German community sentiment, community purpose, and economic feeling. We want the social revolution in order to bring about the national revolution.[21]
Strasser established the Party in northern and western Germany as a strong political association, one which attained a larger membership than Hitler's southern party section.[16][7] Theparty's own foreign organization was also formed on Strasser's initiative.[22] He also founded theNational Socialist Working Association on 10 September 1925.[23] This was a short-lived group of about a dozen northern and western GermanGauleiter, who supported the more "socialist" wing of the Party and sought to increase its appeal to the working class in Germany's large industrial cities.[24] Together with his brother Otto, Strasser founded the BerlinKampf-Verlag ("Combat Publishing") in March 1926, which went on to publish the weekly newspaper theBerliner Arbeiterzeitung ("Berlin Workers Newspaper"), which represented the more "socialist" wing of the Party.[16][25] Strasser appointed the young university-educated political agitator from the Rhineland,Joseph Goebbels as the managing editor of theKampfverlag, a man who was drawn to the NSDAP political message and to Strasser himself.[26] The two men drafted a revised version of the NSDAP political program during the winter of 1925–1926, one which leaned much further to the left and incensed Hitler.[21] To deal with these proposed changes head-on, Hitler called for a meeting in the northern Bavarian city ofBamberg on 14 February 1926. Goebbels and Strasser traveled there hoping to convince Hitler of the new message.[21] During the speech at theBamberg Conference, Hitler lambasted the extreme ideas in the new draft, ideas which he conflated more with Bolshevism, a development which profoundly shocked and disappointed Strasser and Goebbels. Strasser's follow-on speech was bumbled and ineffectual, the result of Hitler's powerful oration; Hitler's refutation of Strasser's policy suggestions at Bamberg demonstrated that the party had officially become Hitler's and the NSDAP centered around him.[27]
Placating the northern German NSDAP branches in the wake of Bamberg, Hitler assigned leadership of the SA, which was temporarily vacated byErnst Roehm, to one of Strasser's own key members,Franz Pfeffer von Salomon.[28] More importantly perhaps, Hitler began a personal campaign to lure away Strasser's chief lieutenant, Goebbels, into his personal fold—a move which proved immediately successful.[29][30] The future Führer also struck a deal with Strasser to disband the National Socialist Working Association and asked him to assume responsibility for the party propaganda department.[30] Strasser accepted this position, but a car accident in March 1926 proved a setback: he was bedridden as a result. Upon recovery, he was welcomed back into this position.[31] Thus, in addition to his Gauleiter responsibilities, from 16 September 1926 until 2 January 1928, he was the NSDAP's national leader for propaganda (Reichspropagandaleiter).[32] Strasser left his propaganda post to take up new responsibilities as Chairman of the NSDAP Organizational Committee, later, the Organizational Department(Organisationsableitung).[15]
Between 1928 and 1932, Hitler turned over the NSDAP's national organizational work to Strasser, whose skills were better suited to the task, as Hitler was uninterested in organizational matters and preferred to give his attention to ideological concerns.[33] On 18 December 1931, Hitler granted Strasser the rank of SA-Gruppenführer and, in 1932, Strasser also became the editor of several biweekly and monthly Nazi news sheets.[34] By June 1932, Strasser was namedReichsorganisationsleiter, and had further centralized the Party's organizational structure under his command.[15] During the course of the reorganizations, Strasser refashioned the NSDAP district boundaries to more closely align with those of the Reichstag and increased the authority ofGauleiters.[33] Strasser reorganized both the party's regional structure and its vertical management hierarchy.[35] The party became a more centralized organization with extensive propaganda mechanisms.[7][16] In the 1928 General Election on 20 May, Strasser was elected from electoral constituency 26 (Franconia) as one of the first 12 Nazi deputies to the Reichstag.[36] While the NSDAP only received 2.6 percent of the national vote that year, it became the second largest party in the Reichstag by September 1930, securing 18.3 percent of the vote.[37] Strasser's organizational strengthening contributed to this success and the Nazis became the largest party in July 1932 with 37.3%.
TheGreat Depression greatly affected Germany and by 1930 there was a dramatic increase in unemployment. During this time, the Strasser brothers started publishing a new regional daily newspaper in Berlin, theNationaler Sozialist.[38] Like their other publications, it conveyed the brothers' own brand of Nazism, including nationalism, anti-capitalism, social reform, and anti-Westernism.[39] Goebbels complained vehemently about the rival Strasser newspapers to Hitler and admitted that their success was causing his own Berlin newspapers to be "pushed to the wall".[40] In late April 1930, Hitler publicly and firmly announced his opposition to Gregor Strasser's socialist ideas and appointed Goebbels as Reich leader of NSDAP propaganda.[41] When Hitler visited Goebbels on 2 May 1930, Goebbels banned the evening edition of theNationaler Sozialist. Gregor Strasser distanced himself from his brother and relinquished his position as publisher of theNationaler Sozialist by the end of June, while Otto left the Party at the beginning of July.[42]
In August 1932, Hitler was offered the job ofVice-Chancellor of Germany by then ChancellorFranz von Papen at the behest of PresidentPaul von Hindenburg, but he refused. Strasser urged him to enter a coalition government, but Hitler saw the offer as placing him in a position of "playing second fiddle".[43][44] While many in his inner circle, like Goebbels, saw his resistance as heroic, Strasser was frustrated and believed Hitler was wrong to hold out for the Chancellorship. The ideological and personal rivalry with Hitler grew when the successor ChancellorKurt von Schleicher had discussions with Strasser as to becoming Vice-Chancellor in December 1932.[45] Schleicher hoped to split the NSDAP with Strasser's help, pulling the left wing of the NSDAP to his "national conservative" side to stop Hitler.[16] Hitler was furious and demanded that Strasser refuse Schleicher's offer.[16] At a meeting of Nazi Reichstag members Hitler confronted the 30-40 that supported Strasser, forcing them to publicly support the former and denounce the latter.[44] Strasser resigned from his party offices on 8 December 1932, just seven weeks before the NSDAP obtained political power.[46] Hitler temporarily took over the post ofReichsorganisationsleiter, eventually turning it over toRobert Ley.[47] On 16 January 1933, Hitler "publicly repudiated Strasser" for his interactions with Schleicher.[48] In March 1933, Strasser officially exited politics by renouncing his Reichstag seat.[49]
Having renounced his seat in the Reichstag, Strasser sought to return to his pre-politics profession as a pharmacist. Through his own connections and with Hitler's consent he was provided with the opportunity to take up a directorship of Schering-Kahlbaum, a chemical-pharmaceutical company that was the Berlin subsidiary ofIG Farben, so long as he promised to cease all political activity, which he did.[49] He detached himself from politics, refusing to meet former political associates and, contrary to some reports, had no contact with his brother Otto'sBlack Front organisation.[50]
Having achieved national power in January 1933, Hitler and the NSDAP began eliminating all forms of opposition in Germany. In what became known as theNight of the Long Knives, the entire SA leadership was purged, which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934.[51] Hitler, along with other top Nazis such asHermann Göring and Himmler, targetedErnst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with some of Hitler's political adversaries, were rounded up, arrested, and shot by members of theSchutzstaffel (SS) andGestapo.[52] Among them was Strasser. HistorianRichard J. Evans surmises that Strasser was most likely killed for having been allegedly offered a position by the predecessor conservative Weimar government, a tie which made him a potential political enemy, due to the personal enmity of Himmler and Göring, both of whom Strasser had been critical of during his role in the party's leadership.[53] Whether Strasser was killed on Hitler's personal orders is not known.[50] He was shot once in the main artery from behind in his cell but did not die immediately. On the orders of SS generalReinhard Heydrich, Strasser was left to bleed to death, which took almost an hour.[54] His brother Otto had emigrated in 1933.[55][56]
Citations
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