Sir George Abraham Grierson | |
|---|---|
 Grierson in June 1920, photo from theNational Portrait Gallery, London. | |
| Born | (1851-01-07)7 January 1851 Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 9 March 1941(1941-03-09) (aged 90) |
| Occupation | Linguist |
| Known for | Linguistic Survey of India |
Sir George Abraham GriersonOM KCIE FBA (7 January 1851 – 9 March 1941) was an Irish administrator andlinguist inBritish India. He worked in theIndian Civil Service but an interest in philology and linguistics led him to pursue studies in the languages and folklore of India during his postings in Bengal and Bihar. He published numerous studies in the journals of learned societies and wrote several books during his administrative career but proposed a formal linguistic survey at the Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna. The Congress recommended the idea to the British Government and he was appointed superintendent of the newly createdLinguistic Survey of India in 1898. He continued the work until 1928, surveying people across the British Indian territory, documenting spoken languages, recording voices, written forms and was responsible in documenting information on 179 languages, defined by him through a test of mutual unintelligibility, and 544 dialects which he placed in five language families. He published the findings of the Linguistic Survey in a series that consisted of 19 volumes.
Grierson was born inGlenageary,County Dublin. His father and grandfather (George Grierson) were well-known Dublin printers and publishers. His mother Isabella was the daughter of Henry Ruxton of Ardee. He was educated atSt. Bees School, and from the age of 13 atShrewsbury. He then went up toTrinity College, Dublin, where he was a student of mathematics. Grierson qualified for theIndian Civil Service in 1871 ranking twenty-eighth for the year. He continued studies at Trinity College for two probationary years where he was influenced byRobert Atkinson, professor of oriental languages. He took a deep interest in languages, won prizes for studies inSanskrit andHindustani before leaving for theBengal Presidency in 1873.[1] First posted toBankipore (Patna) in Bihar, he became Magistrate and Collector atPatna and still later in 1896, Opium Agent forBihar. He married Lucy Elizabeth Jean, daughter of Maurice Henry Fitzgerald Collis, a Dublin surgeon, in 1880 but they had no children.[2][3]
Grierson attended the Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna and proposed the idea of a formal linguistic in India. Grierson was a delegate of the Royal Asiatic Society along with DrTheodor Duka,Albert Terrien de Lacouperie,Cecil Bendall, andR. N. Cust.[4] At the Congress it was noted that the number of Indian languages was unknown with estimates varying from 20 to 250. A resolution was passed urging the Government to undertake a 'deliberate systematic survey of the languages of India.' The signatories includedKarl Bühler,Max Müller,Monier Williams and Grierson. The recommendation was made to the British Government and in 1898 he was appointed Superintendent of the newly formed Linguistic Survey of India. For the survey a standard set of materials was sought. He had government officials collect material for every language, dialect, and subdialect, going from village to village and sampling across the classes and sexes. He provided forms and instructional material to his correspondents.[5] He sought a version of the parable of the prodigal son, oral narratives and a predefined list of 241 words and phrases (this list had been made by Sir George Campbell in 1866). The parable was chosen because 'it contains the three personal pronouns, most of the cases found in the declension of nouns, and the present, past, and future tenses of the verb'.[6] The survey classified the languages of 290,000,000 people.[7] In 1900 he moved to England "for convenience of consulting European libraries and scholars".[8] By 1903 most of the data had come in and he retired from the Indian Civil Service. He spent the following thirty years editing the enormous amount of material gathered[1] and worked briefly in collaboration with the Norwegian linguistSten Konow (who contributed to volume III on Tibetan languages).[2] On 8 May 1928 the completion of the Linguistic Survey of India was celebrated at theCriterion Restaurant by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland with Lord Birkenhead proposing the toast.[9]
Grierson published scholarly works throughout his career: on the dialects and peasant life of Bihar, onHindi literature, onbhakti, and onlinguistics. His contemporaries noted both his lack of sympathy forAdvaita Vedanta, which he regarded as "pandit religion," and his "warm appreciation of the monotheistic devotion of the country folk".[2][10] He also published on literary texts and writers, including a paper onKalidasa in 1877.[11]
Most of Grierson's later work deals with linguistics. In a celebratory account of his life,F. W. Thomas andR. L. Turner refer to the extensive publications of the Linguistic Survey of India as "a great Imperial museum, representing and systematically classifying the linguistic botany of India".[12]
Grierson died inCamberley, Surrey, England at Rathfarnham, the house he built and named after his grandfather's castle in Dublin.[2]
Grierson was an honorary member of theNagari Pracharini Sabha at Benares.[14] He was an honorary fellow of theRoyal Asiatic Society of Bengal, the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, the Modern Language Association, Linguistic Society of India, and theBangiya Sahitya Parishat.[11][15] He received several other honorary degrees from the universities of Halle, Cambridge, Oxford, and Bihar.[2] A literary award of India, theDr. George Grierson Award, was named in his honour in 1989.
Grierson was a prolific writer. On his 85th birthday, an article was contributed in his honour and published by the School of Oriental Studies which included a list of Grierson's publications occupying 22 pages.[16][17]
