Sir Geoff Palmer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Godfrey Henry Oliver Palmer (1940-04-09)9 April 1940 (age 85) |
| Education | Kingston Senior School, and North Street Congregational School, Jamaica. Highbury County School, London. |
| Alma mater | University of Leicester University of Edinburgh Heriot-Watt University |
| Known for | First black professor inScotland, Barley abrasion process |
| Scientific career | |
| Doctoral advisor | Edmund Hirst |
| Other academic advisors | Anna Macleod |
Sir Godfrey Henry Oliver Palmer (born 9 April 1940),[1] commonly known asGeoff Palmer, is a Jamaican-British academic andhuman rights activist who is professor emeritus in the School of Life Sciences atHeriot-Watt University inEdinburgh, Scotland.[2][3]
Palmer discovered the barley abrasion process while he was a researcher at Heriot-Watt University under the guidance of Prof. Dr.Anna Macleod. In 1998, Palmer was honoured with theAmerican Society of Brewing Chemists Award of Distinction,[4] considered the "Nobel Prize of brewing".[5]
In 1989, he became the first black professor in Scotland,[6] becoming a professor emeritus after he retired in 2005. He wasknighted in the2014 New Year Honours.[7][8]
Palmer was born inSt Elizabeth,Jamaica.[9] His father left home when he was seven years old;[10] after his mother moved to work as a dressmaker in England in 1948, part of theWindrush generation, Palmer grew up inKingston, Jamaica, in the care of his eight aunts.[11]
Palmer joined his mother in London in March 1955, shortly before his 15th birthday, living at a house on theCaledonian Road. He told the story as a student at Heriot-Watt University that he was a stowaway on a banana boat from Jamaica to London. Too young to work, he was assessed aseducationally subnormal at his first school,[5] and he was sent toShelborne Road Secondary Modern.[11] His cricketing skill gained him a place on the London Schools' cricket team, and a place atHighbury Grammar School.[10] After leaving school in 1958 with sixO-levels and twoA-levels, in botany and zoology, he found a job as a junior lab technician atQueen Elizabeth College,London University, working for ProfessorGarth Chapman. He gained further qualifications studying one day a week at a local polytechnic.
In 1961, Palmer went to theUniversity of Leicester, earning a degree (2:2) in botany in 1964.[11] He sought post-graduate work, and applied to study for an MSc at theUniversity of Nottingham, funded by theMinistry of Agriculture.
After an interview with ProfessorAnna Macleod, in 1964, he secured a place to study for a PhD in grain science and technology jointly withHeriot-Watt College and theUniversity of Edinburgh, beginning his doctorate in 1965. His PhD supervisor at Edinburgh was the chemist SirEdmund Hirst.[12] After completing his PhD thesis entitledUltra-structure of cereal grains in relation to germination in 1967,[13][14] he began his research work at theBrewing Research Foundation inSurrey in 1968,[11] where he worked on the science and technology ofbarley.[15] He moved back toHeriot-Watt University in 1977.[16] He received aDoctorate of Science in 1985,[11] and was offered a personal chair at Heriot-Watt in 1989 after Macleod had retired.[5]
Palmer specialises in grain science and has extensive expertise with barley,sorghum, other cereals and malt, having written a textbook on the subject entitledCereal Science and Technology. He investigated the processes that turn barley intomalt, and he invented the barley abrasion process while at the Brewing Research Foundation. At Heriot-Watt, he and his students worked on brewing using sorghum. He developed a new simple method to detect pre-germination in cereal grains showing difference inamylase actions of individual grains of a barley sample containing different degrees of pre-germination, with results that can be expressed inoptical density. In the journalInternational Brewer and Distiller, it was reported that Palmer had "requested samples of pre-germinated grain as he is developing a new amylase test which will look at the distribution of the enzyme across individual grains in a sample. A small number of grains, with high amylase/pre-germination activity, can cause unexpected storage or processing problems and visual or average analyses do not always identify uneven distribution."[17]
He attracted and received funding to set up the International Centre for Brewing and Distilling at Heriot-Watt University, through initiating contact with the distilling industry. He has also contributed to theEncyclopedia of Seeds and theEncyclopedia of Grain Science, writing the Foreword for the latter.
On 29 April 2021, it was announced that Sir Geoff Palmer had been appointed as the Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University, for an initial term of five years.[18] The role is central to promoting Heriot-Watt's prominence and profile in research in the university's campuses in Scotland, Malaysia and Dubai.[19]
Alongside his academic work, Palmer is also a prominenthuman rights activist and is involved in a considerable amount of charity work in the community. He wrote a series of articles for theTimes Educational Supplement from 1969 to 1971 on way to improve the education of children from ethnic minorities.[9] His book on race relations entitledMr. White and the Ravens, was first published in 2001,[20] and he contributed an article toThe Scotsman entitled 'Stephen Lawrence analysis: Society is more mixed but racism has not gone away - we still have a long way to go' (5 January 2012). Palmer has also authored a book on the history of slavery,The Enlightenment Abolished: Citizens of Britishness (2007), and has spoken out extensively against the slave trade.[21][22] As an accepted world authority on slavery and the Atlantic slave trade, Toronto and the City of Edinburgh Councils have adopted his views rather than new research fromSir Tom Devine.[23]
In 2007, the Bicentenary of the passage of theSlave Trade Act 1807 by Parliament, which abolished the slave trade, Professor Geoff Palmer was named among the "100 Great Black Britons",[24] as well as on the 2020 updated list.
He serves as the Honorary President of Edinburgh and Lothians Regional Equality Council (ELREC), an Edinburgh-based organisation which works to tackle discrimination and promote human rights and equality in the community, specifically with regard to the nine protected characteristics outlined in theEquality Act 2010.[25] Palmer recently spoke about the Ethnic Coding inNHS Scotland at ELREC's 40th Annual General Meeting.[26]
During theGeorge Floyd protests, Palmer was a leading proponent of calls to reinterpret theMelville Monument, a large column inSt Andrew Square, Edinburgh dedicated to Scottish statesmanHenry Dundas, due to his support for "gradualabolition", which delayed theabolition of slave trade by fifteen years. Noting that he did not support the removal of controversial statues "because [they are] part of black history", Palmer instead called on Scottish society to "take down...racism."[27] On 4 April 2021, Palmer appeared on an episode of the BBC'sAntiques Roadshow, presenting his antique collection of silver sugar bowls and tongs.[28] On the programme, he described the significance of these items to slavery: "After the 200 year commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade I decided to look at sugar, because it was one of the main reasons for slavery. I thought I would find some evidence of this and acquired these silver items. While slaves were working and dying, people... were consuming the sugar, in those bowls, and with those tongs. To me, those silver bowls tell us the sort of things we do in order to make money, and to have a lifestyle that we think we deserve."[29]
In recognition of his work and achievements in the field of grain science, Palmer was appointedOfficer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the2003 Birthday Honours.[9]
In 1998, Palmer became the fourth individual, and first European, to be honoured with theAmerican Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) Award for distinction in scientific research and good citizenship: he received the award inBoston,Massachusetts in 2008.[9] Palmer has been awarded Honorary Doctorates byAbertay University in 2009,[30]The Open University in 2010,[11][31] theUniversity of the West Indies in 2015,[32] andHeriot-Watt University in 2015.[33][34]
He wasknighted in the2014 New Year Honours for services to human rights, science, and charity.[35][36][37]
In August 2015 Palmer was the guest of interviewerJim Al-Khalili on theBBC Radio 4 programmeThe Life Scientific.[38]
In 2020 Palmer was awardedCommander of Order of Distinction in the Jamaican national honour.[39]
On 14 November 2022 He received the Edinburgh Award from theEdinburgh City Council.[40][41]
In December 2022, withLord Carloway, Lord President of the Court of Session, Palmer unveiled a plaque commemorating the 1778Knight v Wedderburn case, which ruled that slavery was incompatible with Scots law.[42]
In March 2024,King Charles III appointed Palmer a knight of theMost Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), the highestorder of chivalry in Scotland.[43][44][45]
Palmer has lived in the town ofPenicuik inMidlothian since 1977.[7] He is married to educational psychologist Margaret Palmer and has three children.[10]
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