TheFour Mothers Society orFour Mothers Nation is a religious, political, and traditionalist organization ofMuscogee,Cherokee,Choctaw andChickasaw people, as well as theNatchez people enrolled in these tribes, inOklahoma. Four Mothers Society ceremonial grounds remain active today.[1]
It was formed in the 1890s as an opposition movement to the allotment policies of theDawes Commission and various US Congressional acts of the period. The society is religious in nature. It opposed allotment because dividing tribal communal lands attacked the basis of their culture. In addition, some communal lands would be declared surplus and likely sold to non-Natives, causing the loss of their lands.
At the organization's peak, it had more than 24,000 members.[2]
The Four Mothers Societies may have existed, although undocumented, for much of the 19th century.[3] It was formally founded as a dues-collecting organization about 1895 inSulphur Springs, Indian Territory. It continued in this legal incarnation until 1915, and likely much later. The naming is significant as Cherokee mothers are believed to be fromSelu, the Corn Mother.[4] The name may also refer to thefour directions, which are integral to religious thought and practice.[3]
With the passage of theCurtis Act in 1898 andDawes Act, allotment became US policy. The various tribal governments were forced to agree to allotment and their members were registered to establish heads of household. Many members of the Four Mothers Societies were outraged that communal lands were being broken up and allocated to households.
Chitto Harjo set up a new Muscogee government inHenryetta, which many Muscogee who opposed allotment acknowledged as the legitimate government. In 1900, Harjo's followers held a meeting at Hickory ceremonial grounds; they declared thatPleasant Porter and his government had violated the 1867 Muscogee Constitution. They declared Porter's government invalid and declared Harjo to be the new principal chief.
Redbird Smith, a traditionalist and founder of theNighthawk Keetoowah Society, also became involved in the Four Mothers Society.[4]
In 1906, the group submitted a petition of 186 signatures to Congress, so that a delegation could be sent to Washington, D.C., to discuss treaty violations and their concerns over official tribal leadership.[2] Harjo spoke before the Senate, supported by the Four Mothers Nation.[5]
The Four Mothers Society was also associated with the movement for aState of Sequoyah.[3] Rather than agreeing to merge with Oklahoma Territory and apply for admission to the Union, they proposed a state to be set aside for Native Americans.
Besides openly opposing allotment, the Four Mothers Societies maintain ceremonial groups forstomp dances,stickball games, feasts, meetings, and ceremonies. In the late 1980s the Chickasaw had at least one dance ground and the Cherokee another.[6]
In the early 21st century, several Four Mothers Society grounds are active in eastern Oklahoma.[1]
AuthorLeAnne Howe (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma) refers to the Four Mothers Society in her novels in the context of traditionalmatriarchal culture.[7] She explores it at length in her bookMiko Kings.[8]
| Culture | |
|---|---|
| History | |
| Politics and law | |
| Education |
|
