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Flight lieutenant (Flt Lt orF/L) is ajunior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from theRoyal Air Force.[1] The rank originated in theRoyal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in 1914. It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during theFirst World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF. The rank is used by air forces of manycountries that have historical British influence.
Flight lieutenant is immediately senior toflying officer and immediately belowsquadron leader. It is usually equivalent to the rank oflieutenant in the navy and of the rank ofcaptain in other services.
The equivalent rank in the formerWomen's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF),Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) andPrincess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (PMRAFNS) (until 1980) wasflight officer.
The rank was used in theRoyal Canadian Air Force from 1920 until the 1968unification of the Canadian Forces, when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian flight lieutenants then becamecaptains.[citation needed] In officialCanadian French usage, the rank title wascapitaine d'aviation.[2]
Following the creation of theRoyal Danish Air Force, the ranks of flight lieutenant first and second class (Danish:Flyverløjtnant 1. grad andFlyverløjtnant 2. grad) were used.[3] The ranks were used until 1970, when they were replaced byfirst andsecond lieutenant (Danish:Premierløjtnant andSekondløjtnant).[4]
| Flight lieutenant | |
|---|---|
 Shoulder and sleeve insignia | |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Service branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Abbreviation | Flt Lt /FLTLT |
| NATOrank code | OF-2 |
| Formation | August 1919 (1919-08) |
| Next higher rank | Squadron leader |
| Next lower rank | Flying officer |
| Equivalent ranks | |
| Related articles | |
| History | Royal Naval Air Service |
The rank originated in theRoyal Navy as a rank title fornaval lieutenants serving in theRoyal Naval Air Service (RNAS).[5] Promotions to the rank were first gazetted on 30 June 1914.[6] It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during theFirst World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF.[7]
On 1 April 1918, the newly createdRAF adopted its officer rank titles from theBritish Army, withRoyal Naval Air Service lieutenants (titled as flight lieutenants and flight commanders) andRoyal Flying Corps captains becoming captains in the RAF. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use theRoyal Navy'sofficer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the current rank of flight lieutenant would have been "air lieutenant". Although theAdmiralty objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on navy officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that RAF captains might be entitled flight-leaders. However, the rank title flight lieutenant was chosen asflights were typically commanded by RAF captains and the term flight lieutenant had been used in the Royal Naval Air Service. The RAF rank of flight lieutenant was introduced in August 1919[8] and it has been used continuously since then.
Although in the early years of the RAF a flight lieutenant commanded an aircraft flight, with the increasing combat power of aircraft and therefore squadrons, command and control has shifted up the rank structure (currently, for instance, most squadron commanders in the RAF areWing Commanders, a reflection on the comparative combat power between the modern air force and its predecessor).
The RAF's promotion system is automatic up until flight lieutenant. Every officer will attain the rank provided they complete their professional training and do not leave early. For aircrew, flight lieutenant is reached 2.5 years after commissioning, Engineering Branch (AS & CE) entrants with applicable bachelor's/master's degrees reach flight lieutenant at 2.5 and 1.5 years respectively, and for all other ground branch officers, 3.5 years. Aircrew are appointed to an Early Departure Payment Commission upon reaching theirOperational Conversion Unit, which is a commission for 20 years or age 40, whichever is later. Promotion tosquadron leader thereafter is strictly upon merit; officers promoted beyond flight lieutenant are appointed to a career commission, or service to age 60. Resigning a commission is generally dependent on the needs of the service, although an officer who has completed their return of service (service the RAF requires to justify its expense in originally training the officer) could leave after as little as four years. For aircrew, given the large expense required for training, this return of service is generally the length of their initial commission anyway, unless they re-role to a different branch having failed an element of flying training. Most aircrew reach their squadrons as flight lieutenants due to the length of training time required (up to four years for fast jet pilots) and the significant holds in the training pipeline.[9] The majority of squadron line pilots are flight lieutenants, with some squadron executives or Career Commission aircrew reaching Squadron Leader.
Aside from aircrew, whose work typically does not require active leadership for units of airmen, ground branch officers can expect to operate units that can range in size from a few specialist non-commissioned personnel to 50 or more personnel for engineering or other manpower intensive roles. The role of a flight lieutenant generally involves management of a team of specialist non-commissioned officers and airmen, within their specific branch. In theRAF Regiment, a flight lieutenant generally has the same role and responsibility as acaptain in the British Army, in charge of a regiment flight of 30 men, and could be second-in-command of a squadron of up to 120 men.
Flight lieutenant is the most common officer rank in the RAF; in April 2013, for example, there were 8,230 RAF officers, of whom 3,890 (47.3%) were flight lieutenants.[10] In RAF informal usage, a flight lieutenant is sometimes referred to as a "flight lieuy". A Flight Lieutenant's starting salary is £42,008.48 as of 2019.[11]
In theAir Training Corps, a flight lieutenant is usually the officer commanding of asquadron,[citation needed] appointed under a Cadet Forces Commission.[12] Retired flight lieutenants are the first rank that may continue to use their rank after they have left active service.[13]
The rank insignia consists of two narrow blue bands on slightly wider black bands. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of theflight suit or the casual uniform. The rank insignia on the mess uniform is similar to the naval pattern, being two band of gold running around each cuff but without the Royal Navy's loop. Unlike senior RAF officers, flight lieutenants are not entitled to fly acommand flag under any circumstances.
![(Royal Australian Air Force)[14]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aUnited_Kingdom-AirForce-OF-2_Sleeve.svg)
![(Ghana Air Force)[16]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a09.Ghana_Air_Force-CPT.svg)
![(Namibian Air Force)[18]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a09-Namibia_Air_Force-FLTLT.svg)
![(Nigerian Air Force)[19]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNigeria-AirForce-OF-2.svg)
![(Trinidad and Tobago Air Guard)[22]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aTaT-Air_Guard-OF-2.png)
![(Air Force of Zimbabwe)[23]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aCanadian_Air_Command_(1984-2014)_OF-2.svg)
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