 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Arabic. (March 2024)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Fantasia (Arabic:الفانتازيا) is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in theMaghreb performed during cultural festivals and forMaghrebiwedding celebrations.[1][2] It is present inAlgeria,Libya,Mali,Mauritania,Morocco,Niger andTunisia.[3][2][4] It is attested in the ancientNumidian times during which it was practiced by theNumidian cavalry.[5][6] Historian Carlos Henriques Pereira stated that the North African fantasia also called barud is a modern watered down version of a Numidian military technique.[7]
_%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD-%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_(%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE).jpg)
Fantasia is considered a cultural performance and a form of martial art;[8] it also symbolizes a strong relationship between the man (or woman) and the horse, as well as an attachment to tradition.[9]According to Jean-Pierre Digard, it is a watered down version of theNumidian cavalry charge.[10]
Fantasia performances usually take place during local seasonal, cultural or religious festivals, also calledموسمmoussem "saint's day festival" inMaghrebi Arabic.
Fantasia has been attested in the ancient times during which it was practised by the Numidians, historian Carlos Henriques Pereira stated that the modern North African fantasia is a watered down version of a Numidian military technique.[7][6][5] Fantasia has also been traced back to Arab-Amazigh tribes in the 17th century.[11]Tbourida comes from the cavalry charge performed by an army's vanguard in battle. It was also used in cavalry raiding and celebrations.[9]
The horse is called a fantasia horse; it is ofArabian,Andalusian orBarbary stock. The term “fantasia” is of Latin origin, meaning “entertainment” orRomance meaning “fantasy”.[2]Fantasia is also a name used by FrenchOrientalists.[2] TheArabic termmawsim (موسم) means "season". There are also regional names for the sport, such astburida (تبوريدة, from the word forgunpowder) orkhiyāla (خيالة "horses") in Morocco.[12] The termlaʿb al-bārūd (لعب البارود "gunpowder game") andlaʿb al-khayl (لعب الخيل "horse game") are also used.
Some French, Sri Lankan and other Western artists have done oil paintings of the fantasia, includingEdmon Vales,[13]Eugène Delacroix,[4][14][15]Nasreddine Dinet,Théo van Rysselberghe,Amiru K.Eugène Fromentin andUlpiano Checa.[citation needed]
Fantasia goes back to the period ofNumidia (until the end of theRoman Republic).[5][6] Fantasia is common in Algeria; there are frequent regional festivals and cultural events. Popular festivals include those ofSufi saints like that of Sidi Yahia Bensafia d'Ouled N'hare inTlemcen and Sidi Ahmed Almadjoub inNaâma, and the Horse Festival inTiaret. Fantasia is also performed around the annualziyara (pilgrimage) of Sidi Cheikh.[16] According to the Algerian Equestrian Federation, 350 traditional equestrian associations, spread across the whole of the national territory, perpetuate the Fantasia.[17]
The Fantasia in Algeria is usually performed on a delimited ground of more than one hundred meters long, either in groups of nine to eleven riders or individually. The aim is to showcase skill, speed, rifle firing display, traditional dress, and the horses and their harnesses.[17]
The collective or group Fantasia is classified into two categories of games: the Temerad and the Guelba. In both games, the riders travel from one extremity of the course to the other and then execute the three stages of the Fantasia on their way back. A group leader is responsible for coordinating the performance by signalling, in the form of cries, the start of each stage.[17]
In theTemerad game, the riders approach the other end of the course at awalk, make a U-turn and await the signal from the group leader. At the start cry, the riders start galloping in a single line. At the second cry, the riders stand up, aligned shoulder to shoulder, holding the rifles at the ready. At the third cry, the riders deliver a single blast by firing their arms simultaneously and then continuing the ride without leaving the course until they reach the end in an orderly and calm manner.[17]
In theGuelba game, the riders approach the other end of the course at atrot. The first cry signal is given as soon as they reach it, at which point, they make a swiftu-turn and start galloping. Those who fall behind must catch up at an even higher speed for the alignment of the second stage. Although the last two stages are more or less similar to thetemerad, the speed at which the first stage is performed makes theGuelba the most accident-prone.[17]
The individual Fantasia, including up to three riders, is performed mainly in eastern Algeria. Galloping from the start, the rider simulates an attack, and after firing, which can be done with one or two rifles successively, the rider then simulates asabre attack. The game with two riders involves the two riders galloping at the start, holding each other tightly, boot to boot, sometimes going so far as to entwine the arm of one on the shoulders of the other, giving the impression from afar that it is only a single rider. After the volley, the two riders separate and finish the course with a sabre attack display.[17]
Local artists such as the painter Rachid Talbi and the photographer Nadjib Rahmani have produced artwork featuring the Fantasia in Algeria.[18][19][20]
| Tbourida | |
|---|---|
| Country | Morocco |
| Reference | 01483 |
| Region | Arab States |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2021 (16th session) |
| List | Representative |
There are frequent Tbourida festivals (moussems) and cultural events in Morocco.[11] Tbourida is also performed during national holidays and agricultural events.[12]
The performance consists of an odd number of horse riders, all wearing traditional clothes, usually carrying a copy of the Quran and a sword,[21] who charge along a straight track called amahrak,[11] at the same speed to form a line, and then at the end of the charge (about two hundred meters),[12] dischargemuskets ormuzzle-loading rifles into the air. The difficulty of the performance is in synchronizing the movement of the horses during acceleration of the charge, especially in firing the guns simultaneously so that one single shot is heard.[2] The horses were bred from Arabian and Barb breeds or a mixture.[22] The riders are led by amuqaddam ("boss") in the center of the troupe, usually a more experienced rider, who coordinates the rest of the troupe's movements.[12] A Tbourida show consists of two parts, thehadda and thetalqa.[11]
The SOREC (Société Royale d’Encouragement du Cheval, engl.Royal Horse Promotion Society)[23] was created in 2003 as a public enterprise under theMinistry of Agriculture and Fisheries to promote and preserve the practice of Fantasia and Tbourida in Morocco,[24] according to the SOREC, there are about a thousand registered Fantasia troupes.[25] Fantasia troupes are also represented by theRoyal Moroccan Equestrian Federation (FRSME). There were 21 registeredmoussems for 309 troupes in 2014.[12][11]
.jpg)
Every year, about 330 Moroccan troupes compete for the Hassan II National Tbourida Trophy inEl Jadida[26] during the Week of the Horse promoted by the FRSME inRabat, Morocco. They qualify for the finals through regionally organized competitions through the Federation and SOREC.[11]
Tbourida was inscribed in theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2021[27] during the 16th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, following a joint application filed in 2019[28] by the Ministry of Culture, the SOREC and 4 local Tbourida associations.[29]
Moroccan artists such asHassan El Glaoui have prolifically produced artwork featuring Moroccan riders and horses.[22][30]
