Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹 | |
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 A block print portrait fromSancai Tuhui (1609) | |
| Chancellor of theSong dynasty | |
| In office 1043–1045 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Renzong |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 5 September 989 Wu County,Su Prefecture,Northern Song |
| Died | 19 June 1052(1052-06-19) (aged 62) Xu Prefecture, Northern Song |
| Resting place | Yichuan County,Henan,China 34°29′32″N112°32′53″E / 34.49222°N 112.54806°E /34.49222; 112.54806 |
| Spouse | Lady Peng (彭氏) |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Posthumous name | |
| Fan Zhongyan | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 范仲淹 | ||||||||
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| Zhu Yue | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 朱說 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 朱说 | ||||||||
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| Fan Xiwen / Zhu Xiwen | |||||||||
| Chinese | 范希文 /朱希文 | ||||||||
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Fan Zhongyan (5 September 989 – 19 June 1052),courtesy nameXiwen (希文), was an accomplished statesman, writer, scholar, and reformer of the northernSong dynasty.[1] After serving multiple regional posts and at the imperial court for over two decades, Fan was appointed as a vicechancellor byEmperor Renzong to lead theQingli reforms.[2] Although short-lived, the Qingli reforms and Fan Zhongyan's ideas inspired later reformers, most notablyWang Anshi. Fan's attitude towards official service is encapsulated by his oft-quoted line on the proper attitude ofscholar-officials: "They were the first to worry the worries ofall-under-Heaven, and the last to enjoy its joys".[3] Fan's philosophical, educational and political contributions were exemplar of a Confucian scholar dedicated to public service. He was considered a mentor and leader of the lettered class and a pilot in political reforms. He advocated for the classical prose movement and is well-known for his ci poetry. He elevated thecharitable family estate to an important institution promoting social welfare at the community level.
Fan Zhongyan, was born in Wu County,Su Prefecture. His father Fan Yong had been serving as an official of the government at different locations, and died the year after Fan Zhongyan was born. Fan Zhongyan's mother, Lady Xie, returned to Su Prefecture and buried her husband at the Fan clan's ancestral burial ground, Tianping Mountain. When Fan was about four or five, Lady Xie remarried Zhu Wenhan (朱文翰), a government official in Wu County. Fan Zhongyan's name was subsequently changed to Zhu Yue (朱說).[4] Fan Zhongyan moved with stepfather Zhu and mother Lady Xie to different places where Zhu took governmental posts. Always feeling grateful to stepfather Zhu's kindness, Fan tried to pay back the Zhu family after becoming successful.[5]
In his late teens and early twenties, Fan Zhongyan travelled and learned with knowledgeable Confucian intellectuals, as well Taoist and Buddhist sages . He traveled far to today'sShaanxi province and befriended Taoist priests Zhou Debao, Qu Yingyuan, and other intellectuals such as Wang Zhu. The experience broadened Fan's horizon. In year 1011, Fan started schooling at the Yingtianfu Academy (應天書院), in today'sHenan province, one of theGreat Four Academies. Historical anecdotes held that he lived an austere lifestyle with scarce food, while persisted on learning.[6] By his late twenties, he had mastered the Confucianclassics, and established his aspiration to become a virtuous Confucian scholar who can adhere to theDao, serve the welfare of the people, and regard personal gains lightly.[7]
In 1015, he successfully passed theimperial examination and became ajinshi, after which he resumed hisFan surname and received his mother again to provide for her.[8]
In the early 1020s, Fan served a variety of regional posts, including as magistrate for the Jiqing Army (in modern-dayBozhou, Anhui), and as a salt regulator (盐仓监) inTaizhou. He then became the county magistrate of Xinghua County (in modern-day coastalJiangsu). In 1025, along with his colleague and friendTeng Zongliang (滕宗谅) he engaged in a series of dyke-building activities along the coastal counties. Before completion of this three-year project, Fan's mother died and he resigned his post forfilial mourning. In recognition of Fan's dedication to advocating for this project, the locals named the 150 kilometer dyke "Mr. Fan Dyke" (范公堤).[9]
In 1027, at the invitation ofYan Shu, Fan lectured at hisalma mater Yingtianfu Academy. During this time, his ideas on education reform and the selection of officials began to take shape. He advocated for shifting the focus of education from ornamental literary composition to the teachings of ancient sages, emphasizing both moral cultivation and the development of administrative skills in statecraft.[10][11] These ideas were later incorporated into his blueprint for the Qingli Reforms and subsequently adopted byWang Anshi in theXining Reforms.[9][12]
In 1036, Fan served as the prefect of capital cityKaifeng. While there, he took on a youngOuyang Xiu as a disciple; a partnership that would become very important during the Qingli era. In the capital, Fan openly and strongly condemned the grand councilor Lü Yijian for his favoritism in official selection and promotion. The two argued non-stop in front of the emperor. The clashes ended up in the exile of Fan and his supporters to regional posts as punishment.[13][14] This incident marked the start of far-reaching factional controversies that would plague the politics of the empire.[15][1]
In 1040, faced with the revolt ofTanguts leaderLi Yuanhao, the court dispatched Fan along withHan Qi toShaanxi to inspect the defenses. Fan re-organized the troops for a more prompt response to Tanguts attacks, and implemented his long-term pursuit of deep defense based on fortified settlements.[16][17] His methods proved effective and ultimately facilitated the peace negotiations between the Song andWestern Xia in 1042.[9]
From 1046 to 1050, after the Qingli Reforms were aborted, Fan Zhongyan served as a local official inDengzhou andHangzhou. In Dengzhou, he renovated and expanded the Baihua Zhou estate, transforming it into an academy within a picturesque state park. During his tenure in Dengzhou, Fan was highly prolific in his literary endeavors, producing numerous essays, poems, epitaphs, and letters, including the mostly quoted "On Yueyang Tower".[18][19] In Hangzhou, he successfully implemented a work relief program to overcome a famine, by recruiting refugees to work on large scale public infrastructure projects.[20][9]
Fan passed away in June 1052 at the age of 64. He was posthumously honored with the title "Wenzheng" (文正). He was buried at Wan'an Mountain in Yichuan,Luoyang, the western capital. Emperor Renzong personally inscribed the title of his stele as "Monument to Honor the Virtuous."Fu Bi composed his tomb inscription, andOuyang Xiu authored the spirit path stele.[2]
After the Song dynasty granted theWestern Xia indemnities similar to those granted to theLiao dynasty in theChanyuan Treaty, and in anticipation of resuming cross-border trade with Song, Western Xia leader Li Yuanhao eventually agreed to a subordinate status in the peace negotiation with Song in 1044.[21] To address challenges faced by the empire including military crisis at the border, famines, epidemics, and peasant uprisings in several regions, Fan along with fellow advocates of Confucian ideals, includingFu Bi, Ouyang Xiu, and Han Qi, launched reform at the court. In the fall of 1043, Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi jointly presented a ten-point proposal covering various aspects of government administration, including reforms to the civil examination and recruitment system, higher pay for minor local officials to discourage corruption, and wider sponsorship programs to ensure that officials were drafted more on the basis of merit.[22][23]
However, many of the reforms that he introduced met with the opposition of conservative politicians who felt the system did not need drastic changes and who felt threatened by the prospect of change halfway through their well-established careers. After Fan and his fellow reformerOuyang Xiu had been charged with forming a faction, which was considered subversive by definition, Emperor Renzong rescinded the reforms in 1045 and expelled the reformist from the central court.[24] Fan Zhongyan was relegated to the prefect ofDengzhou; there he established the influential HuazhouAcademy.[25]
Fan started off educational reforms as early as the late 1020s when he lectured at the Yingtianfu Academy. In the early Northern Song era,prefectural schools were neglected by the state and were left to the devices of wealthy patrons who provided private finances.[26] While Chancellor, Fan Zhongyan issued an edict that provided government funding and private financing to restore and rebuild all prefectural schools that had fallen into disuse and abandoned since theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960).[27] Fan attempted to restore all county-level schools in the same manner, but did not designate where funds for the effort would be formally acquired and the decree was not taken seriously until the laterEmperor Huizong of Song who expanded the county-level school system dramatically.[28] Fan's trend of government funding for education set in motion the movement of public schools that eclipsed private academies, which would not be officially reversed untilEmperor Lizong of Song in the mid 13th century.[29]
Fan Zhongyan was regarded as a classical Confucian scholar-official, demonstrating loyalty both to the emperor and to the welfare of the people. He championed and practiced his ideals of government service in both regional posts and the central court. Fan spearheaded a series of initiatives that led to the Qingli Reforms, which aimed to address key issues such as talent recruitment, border defense, and various social and economic challenges faced by the empire. Although short-lived, the spirit of the Qingli Reforms later inspired reformers likeWang Anshi. Fan’s significance also lies in his promotion of Confucian learning and the establishment of schools for commoners. Additionally, he strengthened Chinese familism by founding the Fan charitable estate, a clan organization that provided education and social support at the community level.[30][31]
Fan Zhongyan was a proponent of ancientConfucian writings and values advocated by his younger associate Ouyang Xiu. He argued that essay writing should serve as a tool for political discourse and social reform rather than showy ornamentation.[32] Fan's literary collection consists primarily of letters, political memoranda, and policy critiques. While he left a substantial body ofshi poetry, he is better remembered for hisci compositions.[33]
One of Fan's most cited literature is "OnYueyang Tower" (1046). The descriptive prose piece was composed at the invitation ofTeng Zongliang, who was then the local prefect and had rebuilt the famed ancient tower.Yueyang Lou, a city gate by the side ofDongting Lake, was known as one of the three great towers in Southern China, due to their association with famous literary works (the others beingYellow Crane Tower andPavilion of Prince Teng).[34]
This piece was written during Fan's post inDengzhou,Nanyang, without an actual site visit to the tower.[9] It contains a most frequently quoted line on the ideal of Chinese scholar-officials: "When they occupied a high position at court, they felt concern for the people. When banished to distant rivers and lakes, they felt concern for their sovereign."[30] Fan further calls on his fellow scholar-officials to be "the first to worry the worries ofAll-under-Heaven, and the last to enjoy its joys" (先天下之憂而憂，後天下之樂而樂). These lines sum up the scholar-official's idealized self-image of self-denial and loyal service.[3]
"Better remonstrate and die, than keep silent and live" (寧鳴而死，不默而生) is another well-known quotation of Fan. This quote comes from "Ling Wu Fu" (靈烏賦, a poem on the spirit crow) in 1036, which was written in reply to the advice of a friend,Mei Yaochen. Mei tried to persuade Fan to stop bearing so much concern for others and to start caring for his own career and life. In response, Fan told a fable about a spirit bird, using the metaphor to express his aspirations.[35] It embodies the moral integrity, sound conscience, and responsibility required of a Confucian scholar. The 19th-century liberal scholarHu Shih compared Fan's statement toPatrick Henry's famous 1775 declaration, "Give me liberty, or give me death." Hu Shih described Fan's words as a bold call for liberty, or freedom of speech, made some 740 years before Henry's.[36]
Fan Zhongyan was known for hisci poetry. Among the most famous are "To the tune, Screened by Su curtain" (蘇幕遮, Su Mu Zhe), written primarily to convey homesickness, and "To the tune, the Pride of the Fisherman" (漁家傲,Yu Jia Ao). Together withSu Shi, he was considered one of the founders of thehaofang (豪放) school ofci.[37][38][39]
To the Tune "Screened by Su curtain" - Nostalgia:[40][failed verification]
碧雲天，黃葉地，秋色連波，波上寒煙翠。 | Clouds veil emerald sky, leaves strewn in yellow dye, waves rise in autumn hue, and blend with mist cold and green in view. |
| —Translated byXu Yuanchong |
Fan Zhongyan is a descendant ofFan Lübing, aGrand Chancellor of theTang dynasty. Fan Zhongyan’s close ancestors all served as officials in the imperial governments. His grandfather Fan Zanshi (范贊時) famously passed theImperial examination at age nine as a child prodigy.[citation needed]
All four sons of Fan Zhongyan served as officials in the imperial government of the Song dynasty, and two of them Fan Chunren and Fan Chunli also became chancellors of China. Among Fan Zhongyan and his sons, and the families married with Fan Zhongyan's family, together there were eight Chancellors, indicating the powerful influence of Fan Zhongyan's family on the Song dynasty at the time.[citation needed]
Fan Zhongyan and his wife who was from Peng Clan (彭氏) had four sons, all of whom also entered the government:
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Fan Zhongyan had many descendants. According to theBook of Gaoping Fan Clan Genealogy (高平范氏族谱), his 9th descendant is Fan Fachuan (范法传) who lived at Meixian in Guangdong Province and truly integrated into Hakka Chinese society.[citation needed]
Fan Daliang (范达亮), 12th descendant from Fan Fachuan and 21st descendant from Fan Zhongyan who migrated to Nanyang or Southeast Asia and arrived in 1879 at Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia when he was 18. Fan Daliang had another spelling name in Indonesia because influenced by the spelling of the Dutch language: "Hoan Tat Liang" or "Hoan Tat Liong". The second name of Fan Daliang is Hoan Tje Huang (范之皇) as a kleermaker, garment business owner, and fabric shop owner. Hoan Tat Liang had seven children by married to Sundanese women who called Arengsih or Nyai Hoan Tat Liang.[citation needed]
Sons:
Daughters:
Living descendants of Fan Zhongyan includeFan Lei, a famous American musician currently teaching at theCentral Conservatory of Music inBeijing,China.[citation needed]
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