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Eutelsat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French-based satellite provider

Not to be confused withSmyths orEuronews.
Eutelsat S.A.
The Eutelsat Konnect VHTS satellite being installed inArianespace'sAriane 5 rocket prior to launch.
Company typeSociété Anonyme
Euronext ParisETL
CAC Mid 60 Component
IndustryCommunications satellite
Founded1977; 48 years ago (1977)
HeadquartersParis,France
Key people
Eva Berneke (CEO)
RevenueDecrease €1.13 billion(2022/23)[1]
Increase €573 million(2022/23)[1]
Increase €328 million(2022/23)[1]
Total assetsDecrease €7.41 billion(2022/23)[1]
Total equityIncrease €3.07 billion(2022/23)[1]
Owner
  • Eutelsat Group(2023–present)
SubsidiariesOneWeb,Satmex, Skylogic, Fransat
Websitewww.eutelsat.com

Eutelsat S.A. is a Frenchsatellite operator.[2] Providing coverage over the entire European continent, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and the Americas, it has been the world's third-largest satellite operator in terms of revenues.[3] Its subsidiaryEutelsat OneWeb is a competitor toElon Musk'sStarlink.

Eutelsat's satellites are used for broadcasting nearly 7,000television stations, of which 1,400 are inhigh-definition television, and 1,100radio stations to over 274 million cable and satellite homes. They also serve requirements forTV contribution services, corporate networks, mobile communications,Internet backbone connectivity and broadband access for terrestrial, maritime and in-flight applications. Eutelsat is headquartered inParis,France. Eutelsat CommunicationsChief Executive Officer is currentlyEva Berneke.[4]

In October 2017, Eutelsat acquired Noorsat, one of the leading satellite service providers in theMiddle East, fromBahrain's Orbit Holding Group. Noorsat is the premier distributor of Eutelsat capacity in the Middle East, serving blue-chip customers and providing services for over 300 TV channels almost exclusively from Eutelsat's market-leading the Middle East andNorth Africa neighbourhoods at 7/8° West and 25.5° East.[5]

On 26 July 2022, Eutelsat announced a merger with LEO satellite internet operatorOneWeb.[6] When the merger was completed in September 2023, the company became a subsidiary of a new entity, "Eutelsat Group".[7]. It has 35 geostationary satellites and 600 satellites in aLow Earth orbit constellation.

1/10 scale mockup of a Eutelsat W3 satellite, a Spacebus 4000C3
European Telecommunications Satellite Organization membership

History

[edit]

TheEuropean Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat) was originally set up in 1977 (48 years ago), by 17 European countries as anintergovernmental organisation (IGO). Its role was to develop and operate a satellite-based telecommunications infrastructure forEurope. The Convention establishing theEuropean Telecommunications Satellite Organization Eutelsat was opened for signature in July 1982 and entered into force on 1 September 1985.[8]

In 1982, Eutelsat decided to start operations of its first TV channel (Satellite Television) on theOrbital Test Satellite (OTS) in cooperation withEuropean Space Agency (ESA). This was the first satellite-based direct-to-home TV channel launched in Europe. In 1983, Eutelsat launched its first satellite to be used for telecommunications and TV distribution

Initially established to address satellite telecommunications demand inWestern Europe, Eutelsat rapidly developed its infrastructure to expand coverage to additional services (i.e. TV) and markets, such asCentral andEastern Europe in 1989, and the Middle East, the African continent, and large parts ofAsia and theAmericas from the 1990s.

Eutelsat was the first satellite operator in Europe to broadcast television channels direct-to-home. It developed its premium neighbourhood of fiveHot Bird satellites in the mid-1990s to offer capacity that would be able to attract hundreds of channels to the same orbital location, appealing to wider audiences for consumer satellite TV.

With the general liberalisation of the telecommunications sector in Europe, Eutelsat's assets, liabilities and operational activities were transferred to a private company called Eutelsat S.A. established for this purpose in July 2001.[9] The structure role and activities of the new intergovernmental organisationEutelsat IGO evolved. According to Eutelsat IGO's amended constitution in 2016, the main purpose ofEutelsat IGO has been to ensure that Eutelsat S.A. observes the Basic Principles set forth in the Eutelsat Amended Convention entered into force in November 2002. These Basic Principles refer to public service/universal service obligations, pan European coverage by the satellite system, non-discrimination and fair competition.[10][better source needed] The Executive Secretary ofEutelsat IGO participates in all meetings of the Board of Directors of Eutelsat Communications S.A. and Eutelsat S.A. as an observer to the Board (censeur).[11][clarification needed]

In April 2005, the principal shareholders of Eutelsat S.A. grouped their investment in a new entity (Eutelsat Communications), which is now the holding company of the Group owning 95.2% of Eutelsat S.A. on 6 October 2005. As of 2009, the holding company owned 96.0% of Eutelsat S.A.[12]

2010s

[edit]

On 31 July 2013, Eutelsat Communications announced the 100% acquisition of Satélites Mexicanos, S.A. de C.V. ("Satmex") for US$831 million in cash plus the assumption of US$311 million in Satmex debt, pending government and regulatory approvals.[13] The transaction was finalized on 2 January 2014. Based in Mexico, Satmex operates three satellites at contiguous positions, 113° West (Satmex 6), 114.9° West (Satmex 5) and 116.8° West (Satmex 8) that cover 90% of the population of the Americas.[14]

In December 2015, the company announced a partnership[15] withFacebook to launch an internet satellite over Africa by 2016 where Facebook lease all of a satellite's high throughputKa-band capacity, however, the satellite was destroyed during launch preparations.[16]

2020s

[edit]

In December 2020, Eutelsat launchedEutelsat Konnect, a domestic broadband service targeting remote localities, in theUnited Kingdom with a planned subsequent launch across Europe.[17]

In July 2021, Eutelsat launched Eutelsat Quantum, the first full software-defined satellite. It will enable users, notably in the Government and Mobility markets, to actively define and shape performance and reach thanks to its software-based design.[18]

In December 2021,Eva Berneke was appointed Chief Executive Officer to replaceRodolphe Belmer. She will take up her position on 1 January 2022.[19]

In March 2022, in the context of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and growingcensorship in Russia, two of the Russian packagers active on the 36°E Eutelsat satellites, NTV Plus (a subsidiary ofGazprom Media) and Trikolor, unilaterally interrupted broadcasting of 8 international news channels (BBC World, CNN, Deutsche Welle, Euronews, France 24, NHK World, RAInews 24, TV5 Monde). This interruption was denounced by the Denis Diderot Committee, made up of academics and professionals from the European audiovisual sector, which published a report and launched a petition asking for sanctions from the European Union and Eutelsat IGO against the two operators.[20] The petition is signed by all members of the Ukrainian regulatory body, the National Radio and Television Council.[21][22]

Distribution of Russian TV and radio channels sanctioned by the European Union

[edit]

Eutelsat continues to collaborate with Russian TV platforms such asNTV-Plus andTricolor. In France, the association Denis Diderot Committee has started a petition to put pressure on the EU to get Eutelsat to drop cooperation with the Russian channels due to a war in Ukraine. In a press release, the association writes that it is 'paradoxical and unforgivable' that European satellites are used to broadcast Russian channels, which 'only spread the Kremlin's official state propaganda.[23]

As top manager of French Eutelsat, DanishEva Berneke defended the strategy in a podcast interview with Techmediet Radar: "It is clear that then we would have to wave goodbye to some Russian customers, who would then move on to some Russian satellites or something else". Media spokesman Kasper Sand Kjær of the Danish Social Democrats comments this decision with: "I think everyone should decide for themselves which side you want to stand on in the story. I do not believe that one can get through the time we are in right now by saying that one is neutral".[24]

Jim Phillipoff, co-founder of the Denis Diderot Committee explained further that Eutelat's declared "neutrality" is rather dubious granted the fact that Eutelsat only offers channels on36°E to Russian customers but not independent Russian-language broadcasts, which could help break information monopoly of the Russian state.[25] As described above, Russian customers already actively censored western channels in their broadcasts on 36°E, which made the claims of Eutelsat's neutrality even more absurd.[20]

On 14 December 2022, the French media regulatory authority Arcom formally ordered Eutelsat to cease broadcasting three Russian channels, Rossiya 1, Perviy Kanal, and NTV, whose programs devoted to the conflict in Ukraine contain repeated incitement to hatred and violence and numerous breaches of fair reporting. This decision followed a ruling by the interim relief judge of the Council of State dated 9 December 2022, who asked the Authority to reexamine the situation of these three channels in light of additional evidence presented during the investigation. It emerged that they were broadcast not only in Russia, but also in the Ukrainian territories annexed by Russia.Since, unlike Russia, Ukraine has signed and ratified the European Convention on Transfrontier Television, as has France, Arcom therefore has a legal basis to require Eutelsat to cease broadcasting these channels.[26]

On 16 December 2022, the European Union adopted sanctions against the Russian TV channels Perviy Kanal, Rossiya 1, NTV and REN-TV, as well as sanctions against the Russian media companies VGTRK, National Media Group and the Russian Armed Forces. Eutelsat said Dec. 22 it stands to lose up to 15 million euros ($16 million) in annual revenues from restricting broadcasts in Russia and Iran to comply with sanctions.[27]

On 5 March 2024,RSF has launched the Svoboda Satellite package on the Eutelsat Hotbird 13G. The package proposes 8 TV channels and 3 radio channels provided by Russian media in exile in Western Europe,RFE,Deutsche Welle, the Moladavian TV8 and the Ukrainian Gordon Live.[28]

Eutelsat has implemented the French and EU sanctions against Russian channels, but has not implemented the sanctions against Russian media groups adopted by the European Union since 16 December 2022 (VGTRK,National Media Group, abd in laterZvezda the broadcasting company of the Russian Army, and SPAS Telekanal, the broadcasting company of the Russian Orthodox Church. Answering to shareholders' questions during the General Assembly of 21 November 2024, the company argued that it cannot decide to exclude channels without clear instructions of the French media regulatory authority Arcom.[29]

On 2 March 2025, the Diderot Committee and three associations (Union des Ukrainiens de France, Russie-Libertés, Pour l'Ukraine, leur liberté et la nôtre) contacted the French Ombudsman to alert on the fact that the French media regulatory authority Arcom lacks of diligence in ordering the company to respect the EU sanctions against Russian media companies. According to the Diderot Committee, as at early March 2025, 192 frequencies on Eutelsat satellites are still occupied by TV and radio channels provided by Russian sanctioned companies, including channels of the Russian Army and of the Orthodox Church and distributed in Russia inthe illegaly annexed territories of Ukraine[30]

Services

[edit]

In June 2021, Eutelsat launched Eutelsat Advance, an end-to-end managed connectivity service, including network interconnection, a management portal and APIs for service providers and their clients. Available via Eutelsat's certified network of partners, Eutelsat Advance enables service providers in Enterprise, Maritime, Aviation, Government and Telecoms to enhance their service portfolio by increasing the range of connectivity services they offer.[31]

In September 2018, Eutelsat announced Cirrus, which enabled broadcasters to deliver content to satellite andover-the-top media service. Viewers can watch content on screens, phones and tablets, access multiple programmes, record and rewind and view detailed programme information.[32]

With a global fleet of satellites and associated ground infrastructure, Eutelsat enables clients across Video, Data, Government, Fixed and Mobile Broadband markets to communicate effectively to their customers, irrespective of their location. Over 6800 television channels operated by leading media groups are broadcast by Eutelsat to one billion viewers across the world equipped for DTH reception or connected to terrestrial networks[citation needed]

As of March 2025, the company stated that it offers the same capacities asStarlink in Europe. However the operation of Eutelsat terminals is many times more expensive than that of Starlink.[33]

Satellites

[edit]

Eutelsat sells capacity on 36 satellites located in geosynchronous orbit between 139° West and 174° East. On 1 March 2012, Eutelsat changed the names of its satellites. The group's satellites mostly take the Eutelsat name, with the relevant figure for their orbital position and a letter indicating their order of arrival at that position. On 21 May 2014, Eutelsat Americas (formerlySatmex) aligned its satellite names with the Eutelsat brand.[34]

SatelliteCOSPAR IDLocationLaunch VehicleRegions servedLaunchComments
Eutelsat Konnect VHTS2022-110A2.7°EAriane 5 ECAEurope7 September 2022Very High Throughput Satellite. Hosting the most powerful on-board digital processor ever put in orbit.
Eutelsat 3B2014-030A3°EZenit-3SLEurope, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Brazil26 May 2014Entered service in July 2014[35]
Eutelsat 5 West B2019-067A5°WProton-M/Briz-MEurope, North Africa9 October 2019
Eutelsat 7B (Eutelsat W3D/Eutelsat 3D)2013-022A7°EProton-M/Briz-MEurope, Middle East, Africa14 May 2013
Eutelsat 7C2019-034BAriane 5 ECA20 June 2019
Eutelsat Konnect2020-005BEurope, Africa17 January 2020First satellite to useThales Alenia Space's all-electricSpacebus NEO platform
Eutelsat 7 West A (Atlantic Bird 7/Nilesat-104)2011-051A7.3°WZenit-3SLMiddle East, North Africa24 September 2011Formerly namedAtlantic Bird 7 until March 2012
Eutelsat 8 West B (Nilesat-104B)2015-039A8°WAriane 5 ECAAfrica, Middle East20 August 2015
Eutelsat KA-SAT 9A[36][37]2010-069A9°EProton-M/Briz-MEurope26 December 2010
Eutelsat 9B (EDRS A)[38][39]2016-005AEurope, North Africa, Middle East30 January 2016
Eutelsat 10A (Eutelsat W2A)2009-016A10°EEurope, Africa, Middle East3 April 2009Formerly named Eutelsat W2A until March 2012; S-band payload not yet entered into service due to an anomaly.[40][41][42] Solaris Mobile filed the insurance claim and should be able to offer some, but not all of the services it was planning to offer.[43][44][45]
Eutelsat 10B2022-157AFalcon 9 Block 5North Atlantic corridor, Europe, Mediterranean basin, Middle East23 November 2022
Hot Bird 13B (Hot Bird 8)[46]2006-032A13°EProton-M/Briz-MEurope, North Africa, Middle East5 August 2006Formerly namedHot Bird 8 until March 2012
Hot Bird 13C (Hot Bird 9)2008-065DAriane 5 ECA20 December 2008Formerly namedHot Bird 9 until March 2012
Hot Bird 13E (Hot Bird 7A/Eurobird 9A/Eutelsat 9A)[47]2006-007B11 March 2006Formerly namedEurobird 9A until March 2012; former Hot Bird 7A satellite / Eutelsat 9A
Hotbird 13F2022-134AFalcon 9 Block 515 October 2022All-electricEurostar Neo bus
Hotbird 13G2022-146A3 November 2022All-electricEurostar Neo bus
Eutelsat 16A (Eutelsat W3C)2011-057A16°ELong March 3BEurope, Sub-Saharan Africa, Indian Ocean Islands7 October 2011Formerly named Eutelsat W3C until March 2012
Eutelsat 21B (Eutelsat W6A)2012-062B21.5°EAriane 5 ECAEurope, Middle East, North Africa, West Africa, Central Asia10 November 2012Fully operational since 19 December 2012.[48]
Eutelsat 33C (Eurobird 1/Eutelsat 133 West A/Eutelsat 28A)[49]2001-011A33°EAriane 5GEurope8 March 2001Satellite is currently being redeployed at 33° East where it will be co-located with Eutelsat 33B. Formerly namedEurobird 1 until March 2012 and Eutelsat 28A until July 2015
Eutelsat 33E (Hot Bird 10/Atlantic Bird 4A/Hot Bird 13D/Eutelsat 3C)2009-008BAriane 5 ECAEurope, South-West Asia12 February 2009Formerly Hot Bird 10 and Atlantic Bird 4A[50]
Eutelsat 36A (Eutelsat W4/Eutelsat 70C)2000-028A36°EAtlas IIIAAfrica, Russia24 May 2000Formerly named Eutelsat W4 until March 2012.
Eutelsat 36B (Eutelsat W7)2009-065AProton-M/Briz-MEurope, Africa, Middle East, Russia24 November 2009Formerly named Eutelsat W7 until March 2012
Eutelsat 36C (Ekspress AMU1)2015-082ARussia, Africa2015
Eutelsat 36D2024-059AFalcon 9 Block 5Europe, Africa, Russia30 March 2024Replacement for Eutelsat 36B
Eutelsat 36 West A (Atlantic Bird 1/Eutelsat 12 West A/Eutelsat 59A)2002-040A36.5°WAriane 5GEurope, Middle East, Americas28 August 2002Formerly namedAtlantic Bird 1 until March 2012, and Eutelsat 12 West A
Eutelsat 48D (Afghansat 1/Eutelsat W2M/Eutelsat 48B/Eutelsat 38B)2008-065B48°EAriane 5 ECAAfghanistan, Central Asia20 December 2008Co-brandedAfghansat 1. Formerly named Eutelsat 28B until January 2014, Eutelsat 48B until August 2012, W2M until March 2012.[51]
Eutelsat Quantum2021-069B48°EAriane 5 ECA+Middle East, North Africa30 July 2021First in-orbit reprogrammable satellite
Eutelsat 65 West A2016-014A65°WAriane 5 ECAAmericas9 March 2016
Eutelsat 70B (Eutelsat W5A)2012-069A70.5°EZenit-3SLEurope, Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, South East Asia, Australia3 December 2012
Eutelsat 113 West A (Satmex 6)2006-020A113°WAriane 5 ECAAmericas27 May 2006Formerly Satmex 6 until May 2014
Eutelsat 115 West B (Satmex 7)2015-010B114.9°WFalcon 9 v1.1Americas2 March 2015
Eutelsat 117 West A (Satmex 8)2013-012A116.8°WProton-M/Briz-MAmericas26 March 2013Formerly Satmex 8 until May 2014
Eutelsat 117 West B (Satmex 9)[52]2016-038B116.8°WFalcon 9 FTAmericas15 June 2016Formerly Satmex 9
Eutelsat 139 West A (Eutelsat W3A/Eutelsat 7A)2004-008A139°WProton-M/Briz-MAmericas16 March 2004Formerly named Eutelsat W3A until March 2012, then Eutelsat 7A
Eutelsat 172B2017-027A172°EAriane 5 ECAAsia-Pacific1 June 2017
Eutelsat 174A (Eutelsat 172A/AMC 23/GE-23)2005-052A174°EProton-M/Briz-MAsia-Pacific29 December 2005Formerly Eutelsat 172A, and GE-23 satellite

Rented capacity

[edit]
SatelliteLocationLaunch VehicleRegions servedLaunch
Eutelsat 28E (Astra 2E)28.2°EProton-M/Briz-MEurope29 September 2013
Eutelsat 28F (Astra 2F)28.2°EAriane 5 ECA28 September 2012
Eutelsat 28G (Astra 2G)28.2°EProton-M/Briz-M27 December 2014
Eutelsat 53A (Ekspress AM 6)56°EEurope, Asia21 October 2014
Ekspress-AT156°E16 March 2014
Ekspress-AT2140°E
SESAT 215°WEurope, Americas19 October 1999

Former satellites

[edit]
SatelliteCOSPAR IDLocationLaunch VehicleLaunchedInclinedRetiredLostComments
Eutelsat I F-1 (ECS 1)1983-058A13°EAriane 1198319891996
Eutelsat I F-2 (ECS 2)1984-081A7°EAriane 3198419901993
Eutelsat I F-4 (ECS 4)1987-078B7/13°E198719932002
Eutelsat I F-5 (ECS 5)1988-063B10°E198819942000
Eutelsat 2 F-11990-079B13°EAriane 44LP H10199019992003
Eutelsat 2 F-21991-003B10°E199120002005
Eutelsat 2 F-31991-083A16°EAtlas II2004
Eutelsat 2 F-41992-041B7°EAriane 44L H10199220012003
Hot Bird 1 (Eutelsat 2 F-6)1995-016B13°EAriane 44LP H10+1995200620072012
Hot Bird 6 (Hot Bird 13A/Eutelsat 8 West C/Eutelsat 33D/Eutelsat 70D)1995-016BAtlas V 40120022016
Eutelsat 21A (Eutelsat W6/Eutelsat W3/Eutelsat 48C)1995-016BAtlas IIAS1999
Eutelsat 8 West D (Sinosat-3/Chinasat-5C/Eutelsat 3A)Long March 3A2007
Eutelsat 59A (Atlantic Bird 1/Eutelsat 12 West A/Eutelsat 36 West A)2002-040AAriane 5G20022018
Eutelsat W21998-056A16°EAriane 44L H10-319982010
Eutelsat W3B[53]2010-056A16°EAriane 5 ECA20102010
Eutelsat W75 (Eurobird 10/Eurobird 4/Hot Bird 3/ABS 1B)1997-049A4°EAriane 44LP H10-319972011Former Hot Bird 3 and Eurobird 4 satellite
Eutelsat 4A (Eurobird 4A/Eutelsat W1)2000-052A20002012Former Eutelsat W1 satellite
Eutelsat 4B (Hot Bird 5/Eurobird 2/Arabsat 2D/Badr-2/Eutelsat 25A)1998-057AAtlas IIA19982014Formerly namedEurobird 2 until March 2012, now at 4E and called Eutelsat 4B
Eutelsat 5 West A (Atlantic Bird 3)2002-035A5°WAriane 5G5 July 2002January 2023Formerly namedAtlantic Bird 3 until March 2012, was also calledStellat 5
Eutelsat 16B (Hot Bird 4/Nilesat-103/Atlantic Bird 4/Eurobird 16)1998-013A16°EAriane 42P H10-319982015Formerly named Eurobird 16 until March 2012; former Atlantic Bird 4 and Hot Bird 4 satellite
Eutelsat 16C (SESAT 1)2000-019A16°EProton-K/Blok DM-2M20002018Formerly named SESAT 1 until March 2012. Operated in inclined orbit at 16° East
Eutelsat 12 West B (Atlantic Bird 2/Eutelsat 8 West A)2001-042A12.5°WAriane 44P H10-320012020Formerly named Atlantic Bird 2 until March 2012 and Eutelsat 8 West A until October 2015, when it was redeployed to 12.5° West
Eutelsat 31A (eBird 1/Eutelsat 33A/Eurobird 3)2003-043A31°EAriane 5G20032018Formerly namedEurobird and Eutelsat 33A
Eutelsat 33B (Eutelsat W5/Eutelsat 70A/Eutelsat 25C)2002-051A33°EDelta IV Medium+(4,2)20022015Formerly named Eutelsat W5 until March 2012; lost one of two solar panels 16 June 2008.[54] Now at 25° East and called Eutelsat 25C.
Eutelsat 115 West A (Satmex 5)1998-070A114.8°WAriane 42L H10-319982015Formerly Satmex 5 until May 2014
Eutelsat 48A (Eurobird 9/Eutelsat W48/Hot Bird 2)1996-067A48°EAtlas IIA21 November 19962017Formerly named Eutelsat W48 until March 2012; former Hot Bird 2 and Eurobird 9 satellite; operating in inclined orbit.
Eutelsat 25B (Es'hail 1)2013-044A25.5°EAriane 5 ECA29 August 1998Eutelsat's share in the satellite sold toEs'hailSat in 2018.[55]

Failure of Eutelsat Satellite

[edit]
SatelliteCOSPAR IDLocationLaunch VehicleLaunchedInclinedRetiredLostComments
Eutelsat I F-3 (ECS 3)Ariane 31985Launch Failure
Eutelsat 2 F-5Ariane 44LP H10+1994
Hot Bird 7Ariane 5 ECA2002

Future satellites

[edit]
SatelliteCOSPAR IDLocationLaunch VehicleLaunchedInclinedRetiredLostComments
FlexsatTBATBA2026

Organization

[edit]

Shareholders

[edit]

As of 25 February 2025:[56]

Shareholder%
Bharti Enterprises23.83 %
Bpifrance13.59 %
Government of the United Kingdom10.89 %
SB Investment Advisers10.89 %
CMA CGM5.46 %
Hanwha Systems5.44 %
Lazard Asset Management5.04 %
Spacetime Transformations5.01 %
Fonds stratégique de participations (ISALT)[57]4.14 %

As of 1 August 2023:[58]

Shareholder%
Bpifrance25.95 %
Fonds stratégique de participations7.016 %
Lazard Asset Management Pacific Co.6.66 %
China Investment Corporation (Investment Management)3.703 %
DNCA Finance2.54 %
The Vanguard Group2.11 %
Norges Bank Investment Management2.036 %
The Vanguard Group2.41 %
Dimensional Fund Advisors LP1.972 %
CBRE Investment Management Listed Real Assets LLC1.699 %
Pacer Advisors, Inc.1.638 %

Bibliography

[edit]
  • (in French and English)Guy Lebègue, (trad. Robert J. Amral), «Eutelsat II: OK For West-to-East Service!», inRevue aerospatiale, n° 73, November 1990

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcde"2022-2023 Consolidated Financial Statements"(PDF). Eutelsat Communications Group. Retrieved14 September 2023.
  2. ^"Eutelsat's sales fall as pandemic hits communications sector".Reuters. 10 May 2020. Retrieved10 February 2022.
  3. ^"World Teleport Association publishes Top Operator Rankings for 2023".news.satnews.com. SatNews. Retrieved1 October 2024.
  4. ^"Communications Executive Committee". Eutelsat. 1 July 2009. Retrieved9 February 2016.
  5. ^"Eutelsat consolidates its presence in Middle East with the acquisition of Noorsat". Eutelsat. 17 October 2017. Archived fromthe original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved17 October 2017.
  6. ^"Eutelsat will continue to be listed on Euronext Paris and apply for admission to standard listing on the London Stock Exchange".Eutelsat.
  7. ^"Eutelsat and OneWeb complete merger".Pax International. 2 October 2023. Retrieved10 October 2023.
  8. ^"Convention Establishing the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 May 2016. Retrieved25 September 2017.
  9. ^"Restructuring | Eutelsat igo".eutelsatigo.int. Eutelsat IGO. Archived fromthe original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved25 September 2017.
  10. ^"Eutelsat Amended Convention"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 May 2016. Retrieved25 September 2017.
  11. ^"Eutelsat Group | Eutelsat IGO".eutelsatigo.int. Eutelsat IGO. Retrieved25 September 2017.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^"Consolidated Financial Statements at 30 June 2009"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved29 August 2009.
  13. ^de Selding, Peter B. (1 August 2013)."Eutelsat's Satmex Acquisition Expands Satellite Fleet Operator's Global Reach". SpaceNews.
  14. ^"Eutelsat acquires Satmex".satellitemarkets.com. 31 July 2013. Retrieved25 February 2023.
  15. ^"Facebook plans satellite 'in 2016'".BBC News. 5 October 2015. Retrieved16 November 2022.
  16. ^"Breaking: Facebook satellite for Africa destroyed in SpaceX rocket blast".vanguardngr.com. 1 September 2016. Retrieved26 February 2023.
  17. ^Woods, Ben (13 December 2020)."French satellite firm looks to muscle in on Britain's broadband market".The Daily Telegraph.Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved13 December 2020.
  18. ^"Successful launch of Eutelsat Quantum, the first full software-defined satellite".Mynewsdesk. 31 July 2021. Retrieved15 November 2021.
  19. ^"Eutelsat Names Eva Berneke as Company's First Female CEO". 20 December 2021.
  20. ^ab"News".Denisdiderot. Retrieved16 November 2022.
  21. ^"Calls for sanctions on Russian pay-TV satellite platforms Tricolor and NTV+"./www.broadbandtvnews.com. 6 April 2022. Retrieved16 November 2022.
  22. ^Національна рада підписала петицію Комітету імені Дені Дідро про запровадженя санкцій проти двох операторів платного ТВ і закликає медійників також її підтримати, ТСН 6 April 2022
  23. ^"Petition / Pétition".
  24. ^"Dansk topchef om russisk censur af vestlige tv-stationer: Jeg forholder mig neutralt". 5 May 2022.
  25. ^"It's Time to Break into Putin's Propaganda Fortress".KyivPost. 10 December 2022. Retrieved12 December 2022.
  26. ^L’Arcom met en demeure Eutelsat de cesser la diffusion de trois chaînes russes, Arcom, 14 décembre 2022
  27. ^Eutelsat taking financial hit from TV sanctions against Russia and Iran, SpaceNews, 22 December 2022
  28. ^"Welcome to the Svoboda Satellite Package, featuring journalism content for Russian speakers everywhere.", RSF, 5 March 2024
  29. ^Ordinary and Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders of 21 November 2024 Answers to written questions previously raised by shareholders, EutelsaztGroup, 21 November 2024
  30. ^"French satellite operator Eutelsat still broadcasts EU-sanctioned Russian TV, radio", Euractiv, 10 March 2025
  31. ^"Eutelsat launches Eutelsat Advance for end-to-end managed connectivity services".Mynewsdesk. 24 June 2021. Retrieved15 November 2021.
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