Eustace Mullins | |
|---|---|
 Mullins in a 1951 mugshot | |
| Born | Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. (1923-03-09)March 9, 1923 Roanoke, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | February 2, 2010(2010-02-02) (aged 86) Hockley, Texas, U.S. |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Known for | Antisemitism,Holocaust denial,conspiracy theory |
| Notable work | The Secrets of the Federal Reserve (1952) The Biological Jew (1967) |
| Political party | National Renaissance Party |
| Movement | Neo-fascism,constitutional militia movement |
Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. (March 9, 1923 – February 2, 2010)[1] was an Americanwhite supremacist,antisemitic conspiracy theorist, propagandist,[2]Holocaust denier, and writer. A disciple of the poetEzra Pound,[3] his best-known work isThe Secrets of The Federal Reserve, in which he alleged that several high-profile bankers had conspired to write theFederal Reserve Act for their own nefarious purposes, and then inducedCongress to enact it into law. TheSouthern Poverty Law Center described him as "a one-man organization of hate".[4]
Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr. was born inRoanoke, Virginia, the third child of Eustace Clarence Mullins (1899–1961) and his wife Jane Katherine Muse (1897–1971). His father was a salesman in a retail clothing store. He said he was educated atOhio State University,New York University, and theUniversity of North Dakota, although theFBI was unable to verify his attendance at any of them, with the exception of one summer session at NYU in 1947.[5]
In December 1942 he enlisted in the military as a Warrant Officer atCharlottesville, Virginia. He was a veteran of theUnited States Army Air Forces, serving thirty-eight months duringWorld War II.
In 1949 Mullins worked at the Institute for Contemporary Arts inWashington, D.C. where he metEzra Pound's wifeDorothy, who introduced him to her husband. Pound was at the time incarcerated inSt. Elizabeth's Hospital for the Mentally Ill. Mullins visited the poet frequently, and for a time acted as his secretary. Later, he wrote a biography,This Difficult Individual Ezra Pound (1961), which literary criticIra Nadel describes as "prejudiced and often melodramatic".[6] According to Mullins it was Pound who set him on the course of research that led to his writingThe Secrets of The Federal Reserve.[7]
Mullins became a researcher at theLibrary of Congress in 1950 and helped SenatorJoseph McCarthy in making claims aboutCommunist Party funding sources.[8] He later stated that he believed McCarthy had "started to turn the tide against world communism".[9] Shortly after his first book,The Secrets of The Federal Reserve, came out in 1952, he was discharged by the Library of Congress.[10]
From April 1953 until April 1954, Mullins was employed by the American Petroleum Industries Committee (APIC). He was cited in 1954 as a "neo-Fascist" by theHouse Un-American Activities Committee, which noted in particular his article "Adolph Hitler: An Appreciation", written in 1952, in which he compared Hitler to Jesus and described both as victims of Jews.[2] In 1956 he sued the APIC for breach of contract, charging that the group had hired him as asub rosa propagandist to undermineZionism, but failed to live up to a verbal agreement to pay him $25,000 for his covert services.[11] The APIC responded that Mullins had been hired “as one of several economist-writers in a subordinate capacity", and denied that he had been employed “in any capacity at any time for the purpose he [alleged].″[2] The lawsuit, like many others filed by Mullins over the years, was eventually dismissed.[4]
In the 1950s, Mullins began his career as an author writing forConde McGinley’s antisemitic newspaperCommon Sense,[12] which promoted the second edition of his book on the Federal Reserve, entitledThe Federal Reserve Conspiracy (1954). Around this time, he also wrote forLyrl Clark Van Hyning's Chicago-based newsletter,Women's Voice. He was a member of theNational Renaissance Party[13] and wrote for its journal,The National Renaissance.[14] In the 1990s and 2000s, he wrote forCriminal Politics.[15][16] Mullins was on the editorial staff of theAmerican Free Press and became a contributing editor to theBarnes Review, both published byWillis Carto'sLiberty Lobby.[17]
Mullins lived inStaunton, Virginia, in the house at 126 Madison Place[18] where he grew up, from the mid 1970s through the end of his life.[19]
In the late 1940s, when the poetEzra Pound was incarcerated inSt. Elizabeths Hospital on treason charges against the US, he corresponded with Mullins. In their correspondence, Mullins exclaimed "THE JEWS ARE BETRAYING US", in a letter written on Aryan League of America stationery. The two became friends and Mullins often visited the poet while he was detained.[20] In his "Foreword" toThe Secrets of the Federal Reserve, Mullins explains the circumstances by which he came to write his investigation into the origins of the Federal Reserve System: "In 1949, while I was visiting Ezra Pound… [he] asked me if I had ever heard of theFederal Reserve System. I replied that I had not, as of the age of 25. He then showed me a ten dollar bill marked "Federal Reserve Note" and asked me if I would do some research at theLibrary of Congress on the Federal Reserve System which had issued this bill."[20]
Mullins told Pound that he had little interest in such a research project because he was working on a novel. "My initial research" wrote Mullins, "revealed evidence of an international banking group which had secretly planned the writing of theFederal Reserve Act and Congress’ enactment of the plan into law. These findings confirmed what Pound had long suspected. He said, 'You must work on it as a detective story.'"[20]
Mullins completed the manuscript during the course of 1950 when he began to seek a publisher. Eighteen publishers turned the book down without comment before the President of theDevin-Adair Publishing Company, Devin Garrity, told him, "I like your book but we can't print it ... Neither can anybody else in New York. You may as well forget about getting [it] published."[20]
In 1952, the book was finally published by two of Pound's other disciples,John Kasper and David Horton, under the titleMullins on the Federal Reserve. In it, Mullins postulated a conspiracy amongPaul Warburg,Edward Mandell House,Woodrow Wilson,J.P. Morgan,Benjamin Strong,Otto Kahn, theRockefeller family, theRothschild family, and other European and American bankers that led to the founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. He argued that the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 defies Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 5 of theUnited States Constitution by creating a "central bank of issue" for the United States. Mullins went on to claim thatWorld War I, the Agricultural Depression of 1920, and theGreat Depression of 1929 were brought about by international banking interests to profit from conflict and economic instability. Mullins also citedThomas Jefferson's staunch opposition to the establishment of a central bank in the United States.
In an updated edition published in 1983 and retitledSecrets of the Federal Reserve, Mullins argued thatKuhn, Loeb & Co. and theHouse of Morgan were fronts for theRothschilds. He asserted that financial interests connected to the J. Henry Schroder Company and the Dulles brothers financed Adolf Hitler (in contrast to Pound's declaration that Hitler was a sovereign who disdained international finance.[21]). He called theRothschilds "world monopolists", and claimed thatCity of London bankers owned the Federal Reserve, since they owned much of the stock of its member banks. He attempted to trace stock ownership, as it changed hands via mergers and acquisitions, from the inception of the Federal Reserve in 1913 to the early 1980s.[22]
In the last chapter of the book, he noted various Congressional investigations, and criticized the immense degree of power possessed by these few banks who owned majority shares in the Federal Reserve. He also criticized theBilderberg Group, attacking it as an international consortium produced by the Rockefeller-Rothschild alliance. In an appendix to the book, he delved further into the City of London, and criticized theTavistock Institute of Human Relations, which he claimed helps to conduct psychological warfare on the citizens of Britain and the United States.
Mullins dedicatedSecrets of the Federal Reserve to George Stimpson and Ezra Pound. It became his best known book,[23] and remains broadly influential in American far-right movements.[24] A copy was reportedly found inOsama bin Laden's library at his compound inAbbottabad, along withBloodlines of the Illuminati byFritz Springmeier, another right-wing conspiracy theorist.[25]
Mullins' October 1952 article entitled "Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation" was mentioned in a report by theHouse Un-American Activities Committee.[26] In it, he espousedantisemitic views and expressed the belief that America owed a debt to Hitler.[27] The article first appeared inThe National Renaissance, journal of theNational Renaissance Party.[14]
In a tract from 1984 calledThe Secret Holocaust, Mullins stated that the accepted account of theHolocaust is implausible, calling it a cover story for Jewish-led Soviet massacres ofChristians andanti-communists.[28] In particular, Mullins argues that by the mid-1960s, in order to divert the world's attention away from this putative mass slaughter, "the Jews" had cooked up the story of the Holocaust, using "photographs of the bodies of their German victims, which are exhibited today in gruesome 'museums' in Germany as exhibits of dead Jews"[29] as evidence for their claims.[28]
In 1968, Mullins authored the tractThe Biological Jew, which he claimed was an objective analysis of the forces behind the "decline" of Western culture. He claimed that the main influence that people were overlooking in their analysis of world affairs was "parasitism".[30]
Michael Barkun describes Mullins' 1992 workThe World Order: Our Secret Rulers as "a more openly anti-Semitic version of theIlluminati theory". He writes:
Like his mentor [Ezra Pound], Mullins sees the world's evil as a product of financial manipulation, in which Jews play a central role. But as an explanation of world, as opposed to modern, history, his conspiracist vision makes the Illuminati merely a link in a much longer chain that extends back to the ancient Near East and forward to the nascent communist movement of the early Marx.Weishaupt himself is portrayed as a mere figurehead… Mullins sees the Illuminati as really run by Jews…".[31]
Mullins was involved with a number of extremist right-wing andneofascist groups from the early 1950s through the 1990s.[32] These included theNational Association for the Advancement of White People andJames H. Madole's[14] organization, theNational Renaissance Party (NRP).[33] In the early 1950s Mullins regularly[33] spoke in public at NRP demonstrations.[14] His then-roommate wasMatt Koehl, later the leader of theAmerican Nazi Party but at that time head of the NRP's "Security Echelon Guard."[14]
In the late 1950s Mullins also collaborated with "scientific racist"Robert Kuttner, an associate editor ofCharles Lee Smith's magazine,The Truth Seeker, in theorizing Kuttner's ideas on white supremacy. They cofounded the Institute for Biopolitics in 1958 in order to popularize Kuttner's theories and their precursors in the work ofMorley Roberts.[33]
By the mid-1990s Mullins was "considered a national leader" in theconstitutional militia movement.[34] He spoke regularly to militia groups across the United States during this time.[24]The Secrets of the Federal Reserve provided, in part, the theoretical underpinning of the movement's conspiracy theories about a secretive cabal of wealthy families controlling the international monetary system.[35]
While on a speaking tour inColumbus, Ohio, in January 2010, Mullins suffered astroke. He died on February 2, 2010, aged 86, inHockley, Texas.[36]
...the disordered imagination of longtime anti-semite Eustace Mullins, a disciple of poet Ezra Pound.
...the Christian Credit Society was endorsed by Eustace Mullins, a lifelong anti-semite and Holocaust denier.
...Chuck Harder used notorious anti-Semite Eustace Mullins as an expert on the Federal Reserve
...Eustace Mullins, an author of anti-Semitic tracts clothed as commentary on monetary policy, was invited to speak in a neighboring town.
'...and even provided a forum for the noxious antiSemitic conspiracist, Eustace Mullins.' (p.122) 'Spotlight has published the commentaries of Eustace Mullins, a notorious antiSemitic writer...' (p. 105)
That Eustace Mullins is both a conspiracy theorist and a raving anti-Semite is not necessarily a judgment on Smith.
...the Virginia-based author has also written books denying the Holocaust and praising the Nazis.
They shared a platform at the Wembley Conference Centre with the notorious anti-semitic propagandist Eustace Mullins...
The first time I met the anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins was at a conference I was covering of Holocaust deniers, neo-Nazis and paranoiacs...
...conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins, who propagates the views that Jews are responsible for the Holocaust and are admirers of Hitler.
Eustace Mullins, a grandfather of paranoid antisemites, proved that the Oklahoma City bombing was carried out by the Anti-Defamation League.
Eustace Mullins, who was a researcher at the Library of Congress in 1950 when McCarthy asked him to look into who was financing the Communist Party, was the keynote speaker at a dinner Sunday evening sponsored by the Sen. Joseph McCarthy Educational Foundation.
James Madole, the nominal chief of the NRP, was a balding shipping clerk in his mid-forties who lived with his mother, a raving anti-Semite. (p. 89) Mullins occasionally joined NRP members at street-corner demonstrations, where he ranted about how the Jews had killed Eisenhower and replace him with a double whom they controlled. He peppered his speeches with snide remarks about ... the "Jew Deal" ... Mullins's roommate and intimate friend, Matt Koehl, was in charge of the NRP's Security Echelon Guard...(p. 90)
From at least 1993 through 2009, Mullins was a contributing editor toCriminal Politics, an anti-Semitic conspiracy-oriented magazine.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Mullins was a frequent visitor to Ezra Pound when he was a political prisoner in St. Elizabeths Hospital, ... and his best-known book,The Secrets of the Federal Reserve, was written at the poet's behest and with his material and intellectual support.
Another Virginian, 72-year-old Staunton author Eustace Mullins, has lectured to militia groups all over the country about a vast conspiracy in which the federal government has become a pawn of private banks and the Federal Reserve. ... Mullins – whose 1952 book, "The History of the Federal Reserve," is a seminal work in the Far-Right community...
Mullins is the virulently anti-Jewish holocaust revisionist and author ofThe Secret Holocaust: A Primer for the Aryan Nations Movement, in which Jews are blamed for the European slaughter during World War II and virtually every other atrocity that has ever happened in the world.(p.124) Eustace Mullins' 1984The Secret Holocaust (Aryan Truth Network) makes the claim that the Holocaust never happened and offers controversial evidence to support the allegations that the photos taken in the death camps—supposedly of 'dead Jews'—were actually photos of dead Germans who were victims of the Jews.(p.233)
This is particularly the case for Nesta Webster, but also for Eustace Mullins, whose political career extends from his involvement in the minuscule pro-Nazi National Renaissance Party in the early 1950s to his influence on the modern Patriot movement in the 1990s
Kuttner first worked out his ideas on biopolitics in a work with Eustace Mullins (born 1923). Mullins was a frequent speaker for the National Renaissance Party. ... In a 1956 press release, Mullins listed his organizational affiliations as including the National Renaissance party, executive directorship of the Aryan League of America, and the National Association for the Advancement of White People. ... Another of Mullins's pet projects was the Institute for Biopolitics, which seemed to consist of him and Kuttner. The institute issued a booklet titled theBiopolitics of Organic Materialism, dedicated to Morley Roberts (1858–1942), a British novelist and writer...
Beckman and Mullins are considered national leaders in the antigovernment, constitutionalist movement
Similarly, it is Eustace Mullins' book, 'The Secrets of the Federal Reserve,' that provides fodder for the movement's belief that a handful of wealthy internationalists control the money supply through the Fed. ... Mullins' books contend that the Federal Reserve was concocted in the early part of the century as a means for a handful of banking families to take control of the world money supply.
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