There are variousethnic groups inSenegal. According to "CIA World Factbook: Senegal" (2019 estimates), the ethnic groups areWolof (39%);Fula (probably including theHalpulaar speakingToucouleur) (27.5%));Serer group (probably including theSerer Cangin peoples (16%));Mandinka (4.9%);Jola (4.2%);Soninke (2.4%); other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent), and other minor ethnic groups like theBassari,Maures or (Naarkajors)).^[1] Many subgroups of those can be further distinguished, based on religion, location and language. According to one 2005 estimate, there are at least twenty distinguishable groups of largely varying size.^[2]

Serer Kings

Left to right :Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof andMaad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof

• The largest group is theWolof, representing 39% of the population of the country.^[1][3][4] They live predominantly in the west, having descended from the kingdoms ofCayor,Waalo andJolof that once existed in that area. Their population is focused in large urban centres. Most areMuslim, being eitherMouride orTijānī. TheLebou people ofCap-Vert andPetite Côte are considered a subgroup of the Wolof. however they represent less than 1% of its population.^[5] The prevalence of the Wolof both linguistically and politically has continued to increase throughout the years; this tendency has been called the "wolofisation" of Senegal.^[6]
• TheFula, those who speak theFula language, are the second most populous group, representing 27.5% of the country's population.^[1][7] This figure includes theToucouleurs, but according to surveys, this subgroup is sometimes considered separate from the Fula. They were Islamized very early. The territory inhabited by the Fula is larger than that of the Wolof, however many areas are sparsely populated, such asFerlo,Kolda, theSenegal River Valley, andBadiar. Traditionallynomadic, the vast majority hasbecome sedentary, although there is a currentrural exodus. SinceAhmed Sékou Touré became president ofGuinea, many Guinean Fula have immigrated to Senegal, particularly fromFouta Djallon.
• The third group is theSerer, who represent 16% of the national population.^[1][8] Serer pre-colonial kingdoms included : theKingdom of Sine,Kingdom of Saloum,Biffeche and previously theKingdom of Baol (ruled by theJoof family).Serer medieval history is characterized by resistingIslamization from the 11th century (during theAlmoravids' advance) to the 19th century (theMarabout wars of Senegambia), resulting inthe Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune, commonly known as the Battle of Somb. The Serer anti-French movement during the colonial era resulted inthe Battle of Logandème. TheSerer people includes, but not limited to : theSaafi,Ndut,Laalaa,Niominka,Palor, etc. Many of these speak theCangin languages. The Sererhave been historically persecuted by the Muslims for their resistance of Islamization for almost a thousand years in order to preservetheir religious beliefs and way of life.^{[9][10][11][12]} Since the 20th century, their religious and ethnic persecution is less visible. However, they are now viewed as the object of scorn and prejudice.^[13][14]

• 

  TheJola represent 4.2% of the country's population,^[1] and mostly live inZiguinchor where they primarily make their living from rice cultivation and fishing. Traditionallyanimist, they have historically resisted the spread of bothIslam andChristianity in the country.^[15] While much of the Jola population now adheres to either Islam or Christianity, many mix these religions with animist beliefs. The Jola hold their ethnic distinctiveness as of great importance.^[16]
• Other groups also live in the Ziguinchor Region. While these groups lead lifestyles that are very similar to the Jola, they speak different languages and are much less populous. This is the case of theBainuk, theBalanta, theManjack, theMankanya, theKaroninka, and theBandial.
• Several small ethnic groups in Senegal are related to theMandinka, together constituting 4.9% of the population of the country.^[1] These include theMalinké, theSossé, theBambara, theDyula, theYalunka, and theJakhanke.
• TheSoninke represent 2.4% of the population of Senegal.^[1] While most of the Soninke live inMali, some live on the other side of the border, along theFalémé andSénégal Rivers. This group has been experiencing a significantdiaspora. The Soninke were Islamized earlier than most other groups in the country.

A fewBassari andBedick live in the hills in eastern Senegal aroundKédougou. These are subgroups of theTenda, same as theConiagui and theBadiaranké.

• Senegal has among its population many Africans from other countries. There are smallIvorian communities inDakar, as well as manyNigerians, most of which beingHausa. Malians go almost unnoticed in Senegal because their culture is so similar to that of the Senegalese. There is a largeCape Verdean community in Dakar.Moors, constituting 0.5% of the population of Senegal, have long invested in business in the country, residing mainly in cities in the north. The subgroup of theDarmankour, who have lived in Senegal for centuries, are present throughout the country.

Europeans anddescendants of Lebanese migrants are fairly numerous in urban centres in Senegal, about 50,000. Most of the Lebanese originate from the Southern Lebanese city of Tyre, which is known as "Little West Africa" and has a main promenade that is called "Avenue du Senegal".^[17]

There are also many other smaller representations of other ethnic groups in Senegal, including theKhassonké, theLawbe and thePapel.

There are also smallChinese andVietnamese migrant communities.

• Languages of Senegal
• List of African ethnic groups
• Timeline of Serer history
• Serer ancient history

• Mara A. Leichtman (2005). "The legacy of transnational lives: Beyond the first generation of Lebanese in Senegal".Ethnic and Racial Studies.28 (4):663–686.doi:10.1080/13569320500092794.S2CID 144395215.
• Papa Oumar Fall, «The ethnolinguistic classification of Seereer in question», in Altmayer, Claus / Wolff, H. Ekkehard, Les défis du plurilinguisme en Afrique, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2013, pp. 47–60

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