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TheEpistle to Diognetus[1] (Greek:Πρὸς Διόγνητον Ἐπιστολή) is an example ofChristian apologetics, writings defendingChristianity against the charges of its critics. The Greek writer and recipient are not otherwise known. Estimates of dating based on the language and other textual evidence have ranged from AD 130[2] (which would make it one of the earliest examples of apologetic literature), to the general era ofMelito of Sardis,Athenagoras of Athens, andTatian.[3]
Sometimes the epistle is assigned the title 'Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus'. The text itself does not identify the author. The word "mathetes" is the Greek word for "student" or "disciple," and it appears only once in the text, when the author calls himself a "student of the Apostles" (ἀποστόλων γενομένος μαθητής). Hence it is not a proper name at all, and its use in the title is strictly conventional. The writer, whoever he or she was, sounds to many like aJohannine Christian, inasmuch as he uses the word "Logos" as a substitute for "Christ" or "Jesus."[4]
Scholars have suggested individuals who could be the addressee of the Letter to Diognetus, one implausible (one of the emperorMarcus Aurelius' tutors),[5] the other quite possible (an Alexandrian procurator, Tiberios Claudios Diognetos, c.200). Charles E. Hill cites an inscription from Smyrna, probably from the second century, by ‘Diognetos, son of Apollonius, son of Diognetos, archon’. This is evidence of an aristocratic family in Smyrna during the time ofPolycarp, of which at least two members bore the name Diognetos. At least one of these two was a member of the city council, a status that would make the term κράτιστος, used of the addressee of the Letter to Diognetus, very appropriate.[6] It is entirely possible, without verification of the author, that we have a fictitious character, since the name "Diognetus," means "God-born" in Greek.[7]
The epistle survived only in onemanuscript, initially discovered in 1436 being used as wrapping paper in a fish market.[8][9] It was part of a 13th-centurycodex that included writings ascribed toJustin Martyr.[10] The manuscript was mostly intact, exhibiting damage only in one place, several lines in the middle of the text.
It was first published in 1592, and attributed to Justin Martyr because of the context of its discovery. Unfortunately the original was subsequently destroyed in a fire during theFranco-Prussian War in 1870,[10] but numerous transcriptions of the letter survive today.
Oddly, there is no evidence that anyApostolic Father orChurch Father knew of its existence, even though it has been esteemed by many modern readers as a gem of early Christian apologetics. It has been suggested that the Epistle should be identified with theApology ofQuadratus of Athens, mentioned byEusebius in hisChurch History,[11] but this is disputed among scholars (see below).
The Epistle has twelve chapters:
The 10th chapter breaks off in mid thought. When the text resumes, the epistolary style has been abandoned and the final two chapters resemble aperoration. They are often considered to be later additions from the 3rd-century. Some have attributed them toHippolytus, based on similarities of thought and style. J.B. Lightfoot suggested that the final two chapters may have been written byPantaenus in the mid-late second century.[12]
In 1947 Paulus Andriessen suggested that theEpistle to Diognetus is to be identified with theApology ofQuadratus of Athens, mentioned byEusebius in hisChurch History.[13][11] Eusebius not only mentions thisApology, but also provides a fragment of its contents. This fragment is not present in the text of theEpistle which has survived. The manuscript containing this text, however, does not contain the full text but features a gap. In 1966Edgar J. Goodspeed wrote that the identification of theEpistle with theApology mentioned by Eusebius is an ingenious theory. Goodspeed considered it improbable however, also stating that the fragment does not fit the gap.[14]
More recently,Michael W. Holmes has called Andriessen's proposal "intriguing": while admitting thatEpistle to Diognetus does not contain the only quotation known from Quadratus's work, Holmes defends this identification by noting "there is a gap between 7.6 and 7.7 into which it would fit very well."[15]
