| Englischer Garten | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Aerial view of theEnglischer Garten | |
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| Type | Urban park |
| Location | Munich, Bavaria, Germany |
| Area | 3.7 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |
| Created | 1789 (1789) |
| Operated by | Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen |
| Status | Open year round |
TheEnglischer Garten (German:[ˈʔɛŋlɪʃɐˈɡaʁtn̩],English Garden) is a largepublic park in the centre ofMunich,Bavaria, stretching from the city centre to the northeastern city limits. It was created in 1789 bySir Benjamin Thompson (1753–1814), later Count Rumford (Reichsgraf von Rumford), forPrince Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria. Thompson's successors,Reinhard von Werneck (1757–1842) andFriedrich Ludwig von Sckell (1750–1823), advisers on the project from its beginning, both extended and improved the park.
With an area of 3.7 km2 (1.4 sq mi) (370 ha or 910 acres), theEnglischer Garten isone of the world's largest urban public parks. The name refers to itsEnglish garden form ofinformal landscape, a style popular in England from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century and particularly associated withCapability Brown.
When theElector of BavariaMaximilian III Joseph, the last ruler from the Bavarian branch of theWittelsbach dynasty, died childless in 1777, his throne passed toCharles Theodore,count and elector of the Palatinate. The new ruler preferred his existing home inMannheim on theRhine to living in Bavaria and tried unsuccessfully to trade his unloved inheritance for theAustrian Netherlands. Understandably, the people of Munich returned his disdain.[1] To offset this unhappy atmosphere, Charles Theodore devoted much attention to improvements in the city. Among others, he created an art gallery in the northern arcades of the Residence'sHofgarten ("Court Garden") and made both the garden and the new gallery open to the public (the former in 1780, the latter in 1781).[2]
While theHofgarten was then the only public park in Munich, that was not the primary motivation for the creation of the English Garden. Rather, it was part of a series of military reforms being pursued under the guidance ofSir Benjamin Thompson, the new Elector's chief military aide, later created Count Rumford and appointed as Bavarian war minister. Born inMassachusetts, Thompson had served on the Loyalist side in theAmerican Revolutionary War, and after the British defeat had returned to England before moving to continental Europe and entering Charles Theodore's service in 1784.[3] In 1788 Thompson proposed that in peacetime the majority of the soldiers of the Elector's army should be given leave to do civilian work, such as farming and gardening.[4] In February 1789, Charles Theodore decreed that military gardens should be laid out in each garrison city, to provide soldiers with good agricultural knowledge and also to serve as recreation areas, accessible also to the public.[5]
The planned location of the Munich gardens was the area north of the Schwabinger city gate, a hunting ground of the Wittelsbach rulers since the Middle Ages. Known as theHirschanger (or "deer park"), the higher part of the hunting ground closer to the city was included in the scheme, while theHirschau (also meaning "deer park"), lower and further north, and a more densely wooded part to the south known as theHirschangerwald ("Deer Park Wood") were originally not included.[6] The whole area had been subject to flooding from theIsar, the river on which Munich stands, a little to the east. This problem was soon removed by the construction of a river wall in 1790, which became known as the "Riedl-Damm" after the engineer Anton von Riedl, who had supervised its construction.[7]
The laying out of the military garden was begun in July 1789, and an area of 800 by slightly less than 200 metres was quickly made ready for cultivation,[8] but soon the idea was extended to the creation of a public park, of which the military garden should be only a small part. On August 13, 1789, Charles Theodore published a decree, devoting theHirschanger to the amusement of the people of Munich. To advise on the project, the Royal GardenerFriedrich Ludwig Sckell (ennobled in 1808) who had studied landscape gardening in England and had previously worked for Charles Theodore atSchwetzingen, had been summoned to Munich earlier in August.[9] Various associated projects were made part of the park development, among them theElevengarten ("Pupils' Garden", a garden for the students at the recently formed military academy), a "Schweizerey" (cattle farm), "Schäfery" (sheep farm) and "Ackerbauschule" (arable farming school) to improve farming techniques, and a "Vihearzneyschule" (veterinary school) for the treatment of cattle diseases.[10] Most of these projects did not long survive the creation of the park, but the veterinary school went on to become what is now theTierärztliche Fakultät (Veterinary Faculty) of theLudwig Maximilian University of Munich. The gateway from 1790 can be seen at theVeterinärstraße entrance to the garden.[11] The park was initially named "Theodors Park", but it very quickly became known by the descriptive name of "the English Garden".[12] By May 1790 sufficient progress had been made to allow Charles Theodore to make an inspection tour; but it was first in the spring of 1792 that the park was officially opened to the approximately 40,000 citizens of Munich.[13]
Thompson left Munich in 1798. His successor,Baron von Werneck, attempted to make the garden itself through its agricultural use. To that end he expanded the park in December 1799 to encompass the Hirschau, which was improved to provide pasture. The fields of the military gardens were added to theEnglischer Garten in January 1800. Werneck's improvements had been costly, and in 1804 he was replaced by Sckell, who was given the post ofBayerischer Hofgärtenintendant ("Bavarian Court Garden Supervisor").[14] Although Sckell had had a guiding role from the beginning, many aspects of the execution differed from his ideas, which he set out in a memorandum of 1807.[15] His long supervision of the garden (1804–1823) was marked by a movement away from agricultural uses and by concentration on the landscape garden. For instance, two mills at the point where theSchwabingerbach (Schwabing stream) leaves theEisbach (Ice stream) were removed and anartificial waterfall was created in 1814–1815.[16]
Under Sckell, the park took on its present form. The only significant addition since his time is the creation of the hill for theMonopteros by his nephew Carl August Sckell, who succeeded him as director of the park.[17] In the 20th century, there were some minor additions to the park, most notably the addition in 1952 of some thirty hectares of land where the locomotive factory ofJoseph Anton von Maffei had stood, and in 1958–1962 of a further 67 hectares from theHirschauer Forst (Hirschau Wood).[18] The century almost brought less welcome changes to the park. In theSecond World War, Allied bombing damaged the Monopteros and destroyed the Chinese Tower, and 93,000 cubic metres of rubble were dumped in theHirschanger. The area was only cleared in 1953, when a sports ground for schools was created there.[19] (The park briefly had another sports ground, with the archery range that hosted thearchery competitions for the1972 Summer Olympics on the Werneckwiese by theKleinhesseloher See.)[20] Transport too has harmed the character of the garden, most notably with the construction in 1963 of theIsarring, part of Munich's central ring road, which divides the park just north of the Kleinhesseloher See.[21] Towards the end of the 20th century the city of Munich wished to construct a tram route through the garden north of the Chinese Tower, currently a road used only by buses;[22] but it was opposed by the Bavarian government, which owns the land, and theBayerische Verwaltungsgerichtshof rejected the plan.[23] There were also natural disasters: many trees were destroyed by severe storms in 1964, 1988, and 1990 (the "Wiebke" storm); andDutch elm disease has almost destroyed the elm trees of the park. Both kinds of loss were compensated by a "tree donation" campaign organised by Munich'sAbendzeitung ("Evening Paper") in 1989 to 1990 on the occasion of the park's 200th anniversary; among the 1500 new trees that were planted were a thousand elms, using only varieties resistant to Dutch elm disease.[24]
In April 1972, to celebrate theSummer Olympics of that year, held in Munich, a Japanese teahouse and a Japanese garden were created on a small island at the south end of theEnglischer Garten, behind theHaus der Kunst. The island lies in a lake which had been created only a few years earlier, in 1969. The teahouse was a gift to Bavaria from Soshitsu Sen, head of theUrasenke tea school inKyoto, and it was designed by Soshitsu Sen and Mitsuo Nomura. A traditional Japanese tea ceremony takes place here regularly.[25]
Between theMonopteros and theJapanisches Teehaus lies theSchönfeldwiese ("Beautiful field meadow"). In this part of the Gardensnude sunbathing has been permitted since the 1960s, something which many Germans practise.[citation needed] It caused quite a sensation at the time and also made the English Gardens well-known, even outside Munich.[citation needed] TheSchönfeldwiese proper lies to the south of theSchwabingerbach, which crosses the English Garden at this point before flowing northwards along its west side; but the name is sometimes used of the whole larger open space. The expanse to the north of theSchwabingerbach, theCarl Theodorswiese ("Carl Theodor's meadow") has the oldest construction in the park: the "Burgfriedsäule", a boundary marker from 1724, topped with theMünchner Kindl stands in a grove of trees below the Monopteros.[26]
In one of the artificial streams flowing through the Englischer Garten, there is a standing wave (a stationaryhydraulic jump) in which there is a transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Surfers line up along the bank taking turns entering the water with their boards. After a minute or so, successful surfers will voluntarily drop out returning to the end of the line allowing the next person in line an opportunity. The signage states that surfing should only be done by expert or skilled surfers.
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When the nearby woodenApollo temple had fallen into disrepair, an early idea of Sckell's for a hilltop temple was taken up[27] and a new stone building of similar design was commissioned (an early plan even calls theMonopteros "Apollo Tempel", a name it never actually bore). This small (16 m high), round, Greek-style temple was designed byLeo von Klenze. It was built on a 15 m high foundation, around which a small hill was created in 1832, using leftover building material from recent work on the MunichResidenz (Royal Residence). Hill and temple were completed in 1836. TenIonic columns support a shallow copper-covered dome;palmettes adorn thesima. A particular feature of the Monopteros is the use of polychrome stone painting, an interest of Klenze at the time, who intended the building to serve as a model for its use.[28]
Before the Monopteros was built, a small circular temple had stood by theEisbach a little to the south of theChinesischer Turm. Designed by Johann Baptist Lechner (1758–1809) and erected in 1789, it became known as theApollo temple after an Apollo statue by Josef Nepomuk Muxel was added to it in 1791. While the basis of the temple wastuff, the temple itself was wooden; and by the early nineteenth century, this had fallen into disrepair. In 1838, Leo von Klenze built an exedra or stone bench (Steinerne Bank) in place of the temple, with the inscription "Hier wo Ihr wallet, da war sonst Wald nur und Sumpf" ("Here where you meander was once only wood and marsh"). The temple's circular basis served as the basis for the curved bench.[29]
TheChinesischer Turm ("Chinese Tower") is a 25-metre-high wooden structure, first constructed in 1789 to 1790, from a design by theMannheimer military architect Joseph Frey (1758–1819).[30] It was modelled on the "Great Pagoda" in theRoyal Botanic Gardens inKew. The Pagoda, twice as high as the tower, was supposed to resemble a porcelain pagoda in the gardens of a Chinese emperor. The Munich tower has five storeys: the ground storey roof has a diameter of 19 m, the topmost storey of 6 m.[31]
On July 13, 1944, the original tower burned down after heavy bombing; but a society aiming to rebuild it was formed in 1951 and the new tower, copied accurately from the original by consulting photographs and old drawings, was completed in September 1952.[32]
A woodenChinesische Wirtschaft (restaurant in Chinese style), designed by Lechner, was added in 1790. In 1912, this was replaced by the present-day stone building, which reflected the original design.[33] With 7,000 seats, the beer garden at theChinesischer Turm is the second largest in Munich.
In the late 19th century up to 5000 servants, manual workers, soldiers, and students would come to the tower early on a Sunday morning to dance to the music of a brass band. The dance began around five in the morning and ended around eight o'clock, so that servants could return to serve their employers' breakfast or go to church. As a dance for servants it was known as the "Kocherlball" (cooks' ball). In 1904 the custom was forbidden by the police on moral grounds. But in 1989, to celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the park, a revival was made, with around 4000 attending, and the dance has since been celebrated each year in July.[34]
A children'scarousel was put up near the tower in 1823, similar in design to the current one. By 1912 a replacement was needed, which is still in use. It was designed by theSchwabinger sculptor Joseph Erlacher and the decoration painter August Julier. Alongside the usual horses, the carousel has less expected creatures to ride, such as anibex,stork andflamingo.[35] Its wooden roof and pillars were restored from 1979 to 1980.[36]
South of the tower are theÖkonomiegebäude ("Economy buildings"), which were designed by Lechner towards the end of the 18th century as a model farm. Today, theÖkonomiegebäude are occupied by the management of the Englischer Garten.[37]
A little to the north of theChinesischer Turm, theRumford-Saal (Rumford Hall) orRumfordhaus (Rumford House) is a small building inPalladian style. During its construction it was known as the "großer Saal" (great hall) or "Militairsaal" (military hall); but it was later renamed to honour the garden's founder, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford.[38] It was built in 1791 by Lechner as an officers' mess (Offiziers-kasino) and was used first by the army, later by the court. The building, 30 m long and 10 m wide, has one and a half storeys; front and back have a portico with six woodenIonic pillars. Its dining hall, adorned with many mirrors which give it its name, the "Spiegelsaal" (mirror room), has room for 150 people. The building is currently used by the city of Munich as a children's centre ("Kinderfreizeitstätte").[39]
| Kleinhesseloher See | |
|---|---|
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  Kleinhesseloher See | |
| Location | Englischer Garten,Munich |
| Coordinates | 48°9′38″N11°35′47″E / 48.16056°N 11.59639°E /48.16056; 11.59639 (Kleinhesseloher See) |
| Type | artificial lake |
| Basin countries | Germany |
| Surface area | 8.64 ha (21.3 acres) |
| Islands | 3 (Königsinsel, Kurfürsteninsel, Regenteninsel) |
TheKleinhesseloher See ("Kleinhesseloher Lake") was created under Werneck's direction around 1800 between the districts ofSchwabing, at that time a village north of Munich, and Kleinhesselohe. Kleinhesselohe had been the original northern limit of the park, with a watchhouse and a gate to the northernHirschau. The park warden there had set up an improvised beer shop for workers in the park. This soon expanded to offer milk and cold meals and came to be a favoured stop for walkers in the park, especially after a wooden dance place had been added.[40] Werneck's successor Sckell increased the size of the lake by one and a half times in 1807 to 1812, giving it its present form. It is constantly fed by water from theEisbach. Three islands can be found within the lake's 86,410 square meters:Königsinsel ("King's Island", 2,720 m2),Kurfürsteninsel ("Elector's Island", 1,260 m2) andRegenteninsel ("Regent's Island", 640 m2).[41]
Sckell's enlargement of the lake brought it close to Kleinhesselohe; and the littlebeer garden there was to be a forerunner of the modernSeehaus ("lake house"), with 2,500 seats. In 1882 to 1883 Gabriel von Seidel built a boathouse with food service. This was replaced with a new building by Rudolf Esterer in 1935; with a terrace overlooking the lake, this was very popular until 1970, when it was demolished. A competition for a new design was won by Alexander von Branca, with a design modelled on a Japanese village; but the work was found too costly and never executed. For fifteen years service was from temporary buildings, until in 1985 the currentSeehaus was built to a design by Ernst Hürlimann and Ludwig Wiedemann.[42] Today, the lake and the Seehaus are well-loved leisure destinations; pedal boats are also leased here to those who want to splash around.
Two monuments near the lake honour its creators. TheWerneck-Denkmal, a monument to Werneck, stands on a rise near the east side. It was erected in 1838 onLudwig I's suggestion to a design by von Klenze.[43] A little south of it, on the bank of the lake, theSckell-Säule ("Sckell pillar") honours Ludwig von Sckell. This, also designed by von Klenze, was erected in 1824, a year after Sckell's death; the design was executed byErnst von Bandel, who would later be known as the creator of theHermannsdenkmal.[44]
The English Garden is divided into two portions by the busy Isarring road. The southern part is around 2 km long, while the northern part, called the Hirschau, is around 3 km long. In contrast to the southern part, which on sunny days contains as many people as one would find in a medium-sized town, the Hirschau has a peaceful character. In the southern part the grass in the open expanses (heavily used for sport and sunbathing) must be kept short; but in the Hirschau some meadows are allowed to grow and are mown for hay in June and August, while others are used as pasture for sheep.[45] Twobeer gardens, the "Aumeister", built in 1810–11 by the court mason (Hofmaurermeister) Joseph Deiglmayr (1760–1814)[46] and the "Hirschau", built in 1840,[47] are located at the north and south end of the Hirschau respectively.
The northern part of the garden also contains a small amphitheatre, built in 1985 and called the new amphitheatre. (An amphitheatre built in 1793 to a similar plan, but in a different position, a little north of the Rumford-Saal, has not survived; this had been used primarily for fireworks exhibitions). The new amphitheatre is used for open-air performances in summer.[48] To the east the Hirschau's border is formed by theIsar, which can be crossed at the Oberföhring dam (Stauwehr Oberföhring), built between 1920 and 1924, and at theEmmeram Bridge, a wooden pedestrian bridge first built in 1978. The bridge was destroyed by arson in 2002, and replaced by a new design in 2004.[49]
| Olympiapark |  | |
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| GreaterMunich | ||
| Football venues | ||
| Handball venues | ||
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| National | |
48°09′10″N11°35′31″E / 48.15278°N 11.59194°E /48.15278; 11.59194
