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Electron (software framework)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Development framework built on Chromium

Electron
Original authorGitHub
DeveloperOpenJS Foundation
Initial release15 July 2013; 12 years ago (2013-07-15)[1]
Stable release
36.2.0[2] / May 7, 2025; 7 months ago (2025-05-07)
Preview release
37.0.0-alpha.3[3] / May 5, 2025; 7 months ago (2025-05-05)
Repository
Written inC++,JavaScript,Objective-C++ andObjective-C
Operating systemLinux,macOS, andWindows
PlatformIA-32,x86-64,ARM
License
Websitewww.electronjs.orgEdit this at Wikidata

Electron (formerly known asAtom Shell[5]) is afree and open-sourcesoftware framework developed and maintained byOpenJS Foundation.[6] The framework is designed to create desktop applications usingweb technologies (mainlyHTML,CSS andJavaScript, although other technologies such as front-end frameworks andWebAssembly are possible) that are rendered using a version of theChromium browser engine and a back end using theNode.js runtime environment.[7] It also uses variousAPIs to enable functionality such as native integration with Node.js services and aninter-process communication module.

Electron was originally built forAtom[5] and is the main GUI framework behind several other open-source projects includingGitHub Desktop,Light Table,[8]WordPress Desktop,[9] andEclipse Theia.[10] It is also used in Microsoft's proprietary code editorVisual Studio Code.

Architecture

[edit]

Chromium forms the basis of a managedruntime, allowing application developers to write cross-platform applications in memory-safeJavaScript orTypeScript and targetWeb browser technologies includingHTML,CSS, andSVG for graphics.

Electron-based applications include a "main" process and several "renderer" processes. The main process runs the logic for the application (e.g., menus, shell commands, lifecycle events), and can then launch multiple renderer processes by instantiating an instance of theBrowserWindow class, which loads a window that appears on the screen to render HTML, CSS, etc.[citation needed]

Both the main and renderer processes can run withNode.js integration if thenodeIntegration field in the main process is set totrue.[citation needed]

Most of Electron's APIs are written inC++ orObjective-C and are exposed directly to the application code throughJavaScript bindings.[11]

History

[edit]

In September 2021, Electron moved to an eight-week release cycle between major versions to match the release cycle ofChromium Extended Stable and to comply with a new requirement from theMicrosoft Store that requires browser-based apps to be within two major versions of the latest release of the browser engine.[12]

Electron frequently releases new major versions along every otherChromium release. The latest three stable versions are supported by the Electron team.[13]

Version history
ReleaseStatusRelease dateEnd of life dateChromium versionNode.js versionModule versionN-API versionICU version
Unsupported: v1.8.xUnsupported: End-of-Life12 December 201720 December 2018598.257??
Unsupported: v2.0.xUnsupported: End-of-Life1 May 201824 April 2019618.957??
Unsupported: v3.1.xUnsupported: End-of-Life18 September 201829 July 20196610.2643?
Unsupported: v4.2.xUnsupported: End-of-Life20 December 201822 October 20196910.1169362.2
Unsupported: v5.1.xUnsupported: End-of-Life24 April 20194 February 20207312.070463.1
Unsupported: v6.1.xUnsupported: End-of-Life29 July 201918 May 20207612.473464.2
Unsupported: v7.3.xUnsupported: End-of-Life22 October 201925 August 20207812.875464.2
Unsupported: v8.3.xUnsupported: End-of-Life4 February 202016 November 20208012.1376565.1
Unsupported: v9.4.xUnsupported: End-of-Life18 May 20202 March 20218312.1480565.1
Unsupported: v10.4.xUnsupported: End-of-Life25 August 202025 May 20218512.1682565.1
Unsupported: v11.4.xUnsupported: End-of-Life16 November 202030 August 20218712.1885565.1
Unsupported: v12.0.xUnsupported: End-of-Life2 March 202115 November 2021[14]8914.1687768.1
Unsupported: v13.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life25 May 202131 January 2022[15]9114.1689768.1
Unsupported: v14.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life30 August 202129 March 2022[16]9214.1789869.1
Unsupported: v15.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life21 September 202124 May 2022[17]9416.598??
Unsupported: v16.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life15 November 2021[14]24 May 2022[17]9616.999??
Unsupported: v17.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life1 February 2022[15]2 August 20229816.13101??
Unsupported: v18.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life29 March 2022[16]26 September 2022[18]10016.13103??
Unsupported: v19.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life24 May 2022[17]29 November 2022[19]10216.14106??
Unsupported: v20.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life2 August 2022[20]7 February 202310416.15???
Unsupported: v21.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life26 September 2022[18]4 April 202310616.16???
Unsupported: v22.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life30 November 2022[19]10 October 202310816.17???
Unsupported: v23.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life30 November 2022[21]15 August 202311018.12???
Unsupported: v24.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life4 April 2023[22]10 October 202311218.14???
Unsupported: v25.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life30 May 2023[23]5 December 202311418.15???
Unsupported: v26.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life15 August 2023[24]20 February 202411618.16???
Unsupported: v27.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life10 October 2023[25]16 April 202411818.17???
Unsupported: v28.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life5 December 2023[26]11 June 202412018.18???
Unsupported: v29.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life20 February 202420 August 202412220.9???
Unsupported: v30.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life16 April 202415 October 202412420.11???
Unsupported: v31.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life11 June 20247 January 202512620.14???
Unsupported: v32.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life20 August 20244 March 202512820.16???
Unsupported: v33.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life15 October 2024[27]29 April 202513020.18???
Unsupported: v34.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life14 January 2025[28]24 June 202513220.18???
Unsupported: v35.x.yUnsupported: End-of-Life4 March 2025[29]2 September 202513422.14???
Supported: v36.x.ySupported: Active29 April 2025[30]28 October 202513622.14???
Supported: v37.x.ySupported: Active24 June 2025[31]13 January 202613822.16???
Latest version:v38.x.yLatest version:Current2 September 2025[32]10 March 202614022.18???
Preview version: v39.x.yPreview version: Prerelease28 October 2025[33]5 May 2026142TBD???
Future version: v40x.yFuture version: NightlyTBD[34]TBDTBDTBD???

Usage

[edit]
Main article:List of software using Electron

Desktop applications built with Electron includeAtom,[35]balenaEtcher,[36]Discord,Slack,[37] andVisual Studio Code.[38][39] TheBrave browser was based on Electron before it was rewritten to use Chromium directly,[40] whileMicrosoft Teams used Electron before 2.0.[41][42]

Reception

[edit]

The most common criticism of Electron is that it necessitatessoftware bloat when used for simple programs.[43] As a result,Michael Larabel has referred to the framework as "notorious among most Linux desktop users for being resource heavy, not integrating well with most desktops, and generally being despised."[44]Researchers have shown that Electron's large feature set can be hijacked by bad actors with write access to the source JavaScript files. This requires root access on *nix systems and is not considered to be a vulnerability by the Electron developers.[45] Those who are concerned that Electron is not always based on the newest version of Chromium have recommendedprogressive web applications as an alternative.[46]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved8 May 2018.
  2. ^"Release electron v36.2.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 7 May 2025. Retrieved7 May 2025.
  3. ^"Release electron v37.0.0-alpha.3 · electron/electron".GitHub. 5 May 2025. Retrieved7 May 2025.
  4. ^"electron/LICENSE at master".GitHub.Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved3 July 2020.
  5. ^abSawicki, Kevin (23 April 2015)."Atom Shell is now Electron".Electron.Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved6 January 2022.
  6. ^"Build cross-platform desktop apps with JavaScript, HTML, and CSS | Electron".Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved1 February 2023.
  7. ^"Electron Internals: Using Node as a Library".electronjs.org. 8 August 2016.Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved3 July 2020.
  8. ^Horner, Gabriel (10 December 2015)."Light Table 0.8.0". lighttable.com.Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved3 July 2020.
  9. ^"GitHub Repository".GitHub.Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved16 June 2019.
  10. ^"Theia - Cloud and Desktop IDE Platform".theia-ide.org.Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved31 December 2021.
  11. ^"From native to JavaScript in Electron | Electron Blog".electronjs.org. 19 March 2019.Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved26 April 2019.
  12. ^"New Electron Release Cadence | Electron".electronjs.org. 14 July 2021.Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved9 February 2022.
  13. ^"Electron Releases | Electron".electronjs.org.Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved16 December 2022.
  14. ^ab"Release electron v16.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved3 December 2021.
  15. ^ab"Release electron v17.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved28 February 2022.
  16. ^ab"Release electron v18.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved4 May 2022.
  17. ^abc"Release electron v19.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved31 May 2022.
  18. ^ab"Release electron v21.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved16 December 2022.
  19. ^ab"Release electron v22.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved16 December 2022.
  20. ^"Release electron v20.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved16 December 2022.
  21. ^"Release electron v23.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved23 September 2023.
  22. ^"Release electron v24.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved23 September 2023.
  23. ^"Release electron v25.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved23 September 2023.
  24. ^"Release electron v26.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub.Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved23 September 2023.
  25. ^"Release electron v27.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 10 October 2023.Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved11 October 2023.
  26. ^"Release electron v28.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 4 December 2023.Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved14 December 2023.
  27. ^"Release electron v33.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 14 October 2024. Retrieved16 October 2024.
  28. ^"Release electron v34.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 14 January 2025. Retrieved7 May 2025.
  29. ^"Release electron v35.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 3 March 2025. Retrieved7 May 2025.
  30. ^"Release electron v36.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 28 April 2025. Retrieved16 October 2025.
  31. ^"Release electron v37.0.0 · electron/electron".Electron. 21 April 2025. Retrieved16 October 2025.
  32. ^"Release electron v38.0.0 · electron/electron".GitHub. 28 April 2025. Retrieved16 October 2025.
  33. ^"Releases".Electron. 16 October 2025. Retrieved16 October 2025.
  34. ^"Nightly · Electron Releases".Electron. 16 October 2025. Retrieved16 October 2025.
  35. ^Sawicki, Kevin (23 April 2015)."Atom Shell is now Electron".Electron. Archived fromthe original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved15 July 2017.
  36. ^"Etcher on GitHub".GitHub.Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved7 July 2020.
  37. ^"Building hybrid applications with Electron".Several People Are Coding. 25 October 2016.Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved12 August 2017.
  38. ^Bright, Peter (29 April 2015)."Microsoft's new Code editor is built on Google's Chromium".Ars Technica.Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved18 November 2015.
  39. ^"Open Source project".GitHub. 29 March 2022.Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved20 May 2018.
  40. ^Singh, Jagmeet (3 January 2017)."People are now even doing machine learning in JavaScript". Open Source For U.Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved26 August 2022.
  41. ^msdmaguire."How Microsoft Teams uses memory - Microsoft Teams".docs.microsoft.com.Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved12 November 2021.
  42. ^Redmond, Tony (25 June 2021)."Teams 2.0 Moves Away from Electron to Embrace Edge WebView2".Office 365 for IT Pros. Retrieved2 August 2024.
  43. ^Proven, Liam (19 November 2021)."Some FOSS gems: Franz, RamBox, Pidgin and more". The Register.Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved26 August 2022.
  44. ^Larabel, Michael (9 February 2019)."Electron Apps Are Bad, So Now You Can Create Desktop Apps With HTML5 + Golang". Phoronix.Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved26 August 2022.
  45. ^Gallagher, Sean (7 August 2019)."Skype, Slack, other Electron based apps can be easily backdoored". Ars Technica.Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved26 August 2022.
  46. ^Hoffman, Chris (15 August 2019)."That native app is probably just an old web browser". How To Geek.Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved26 August 2022.

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