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 | |
| Currency | Seychellois rupee (SCR, SR) |
|---|---|
| Calendar year | |
Trade organisations | AU,AfCFTA (signed),WTO,COMESA,SADC |
Country group | |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | |
| GDP rank | |
GDP per capita | |
GDP per capita rank | |
GDP by sector |
|
| 46.8high (2013)[5] | |
| |
Labour force by occupation |
|
| Unemployment |  3.7% (2017)[7] |
Main industries | Fishing, tourism, beverages |
| External | |
| Exports |  $564.8 million (2017 est.)[4] |
Export goods | Canned tuna, frozen fish, petroleum products (reexports) |
Main export partners |
|
| Imports | $1.155 billion (2017 est.) |
Import goods | Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods |
Main import partners |
|
 −$307 million (2017 est.)[4] | |
Grossexternal debt | $2.559 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[4] |
| Public finances | |
| 63.6% of GDP (2017 est.)[4] | |
| $545.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)[4] | |
| −0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[4] | |
| Revenues | 593.4 million (2017 est.)[4] |
| Expenses | 600.7 million (2017 est.)[4] |
All values, unless otherwise stated, are inUS dollars. | |
Theeconomy of Seychelles is based on fishing, tourism, processing ofcoconuts andvanilla,coir rope, boat building, printing, furniture and beverages.[8][9] Agricultural products includecinnamon,sweet potatoes,cassava (tapioca),bananas,poultry andtuna.[8][9]
Thepublic sector, comprising the government and state-owned enterprises, dominates the economy in terms ofemployment and grossrevenue, employing two-thirds of the labor force. Government consumption absorbs over one-third ofSeychelles's GDP.[citation needed]
The French originally settled theSeychelles in 1770, setting up plantations which relied heavily on slave labour to produce cotton, sugar, rice, and maize. The British took control of the Seychelles during theNapoleonic Wars without removing the French upper class.
After the British prohibited slavery in 1835, the influx of African workers did not end because British warships capturedArab slavers and forced the liberated slaves to work on plantations as apprentices without pay.
In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.[10]
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Plantations were the main industry of the Seychelles until 1971, when the international airport opened. Overnight, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far.
The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, andtourism andfishing became the primary industries of Seychelles. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, but by 2006 it was less than 3%.
While the tourism andindustrial fishing industries were flourishing in the late 1990s, the traditionalplantation economy atrophied.Cinnamon barks andcopra—traditional export crops—dwindled to negligible amounts by 1991. There were no exports of copra in 1996; 318 tons of cinnamon bark was exported in 1996, reflecting a decrease of 35% in cinnamon bark exports from 1995.
The US militaryIndian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé operated from 1963 until 1996.
SinceSeychelles' independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level.[citation needed] Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, followed bytunafishing.[citation needed] In recent years[which?] the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services.[citation needed]
At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development offarming,fishing, small-scalemanufacturing and most recently the offshore sector. The vulnerability of thetourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-92 due largely to theGulf War.[citation needed] Although the industry has rebounded, the government recognizes the continuing need for upgrading the sector in the face of stiff international competition. Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit and further privatization of public enterprises.[citation needed]
Despite attempts to improve its agricultural base and emphasize locally manufactured products and indigenous materials, Seychelles imports 90% of the food it consumes.[citation needed] The exceptions are some fruits and vegetables, fish,poultry,pork, andbeer.[citation needed] In addition to that, Seychelles also producescigarettes,paint, and a fewplastic items. Imports of all kind are controlled by theSeychelles Marketing Board (SMB), a government parastatal which operates all the majorsupermarkets and is the distributor and licensor of most other imports.[citation needed]
In an effort to increase agricultural self-sufficiency, Seychelles has undertaken steps to make the sector more productive and to provide incentives to farmers. Much of the state holdings in the agricultural sector have been privatized, while the role of the government has been reduced to conducting research and providing infrastructure.[citation needed]
In 2020, theCorruption Perception Index fromTransparency International assessed Seychelles as the least corrupt country in Africa.[11]
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Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the economy, accounting for approximately 16.6% (2000) ofGDP. Employment, foreign earnings, construction, banking, and commerce are all dominated by tourism-related industries. Tourism earned $631 million in 1999–2000. About 130,046 tourists visited Seychelles in 2000, 80.1% of them fromEurope (United Kingdom,Italy,France,Germany, andSwitzerland).
In 2000, industrial fishing surpassed tourism as the most important foreign exchange earner. Manufacturing, construction, and industrial fishing, notably tuna fishing, account for about 28.8% of the GDP. Earnings are growing annually from licensing fees paid by foreign trawlers fishing in Seychelles' territorial waters.
In 1995, Seychelles saw theprivatization of the Seychelles Tuna Canning Factory, 60% of which was purchased by the American food companyHeinz. Similarly, some port operations have been privatized, a trend that has been accompanied by a fall in transshipment fees and an increase in efficiency. Overall, this has sparked a recovery in port services following a drastic fall in 2009.
Many of the other industrial activities are limited to small scale manufacturing, particularly agro-processing and import substitution. Agriculture (including artisanal and forestry), once the backbone of the economy, now accounts for around 3% of the GDP.
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The public sector, comprising the government and state-owned enterprises, dominates the economy in terms ofemployment and grossrevenue, employing two-thirds of the labor force. Public consumption absorbs over one-third of the GDP.
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The Seychelles economy is extremely vulnerable to external shocks. Not only does it depend on tourism, but it imports over 90% of its total primary and secondary production inputs. Any decline in tourism quickly translates into a fall in GDP, a decline in foreign exchange receipts, and budgetary difficulties.
Growth slowed in 1998–2001, due to sluggish tourist and tuna sectors. Also, tight controls on exchange rates and the scarcity of foreign exchange have impaired short-term economic prospects. Theblack market value of theSeychellois rupee is anywhere from two thirds to one half the official exchange rate.[citation needed] The next few years were also slow due to the worldwide economic downturn and the fear of flying brought on by the terrorism on 11 September 2001.
More recently though, tourism has roared back at a record pace setting successive records in 2006 and again in 2007 for number of visitors.[citation needed] The increased availability of flights to and from the archipelago due in part to new entrantsEmirates andQatar airlines is also beginning to show. Both at official exchange rates and atpurchasing power parity (PPP),Seychelles remains the richest territory in Africa in terms ofGDP per capita (US$9,440.095 at real exchange rates and US$17,560.062 at PPP 2008 estimate),[12]
Because of economic contraction (the economy declined by about 2% in 2004 and 2005 and lost another 1.4% in 2006 according to theInternational Monetary Fund) the country was moving downwards in terms of per capita income. However, the economy bounced back in 2007, growing by 5.3% due in part to record tourism numbers and the booming building and offshore industries. The IMF forecast further growth in 2008 with continuing increase in the GDP per capita.[13]
In October 2008, as tourism and fishing revenue began slowing, the Seychelles defaulted on a $230 million debt. TheInternational Monetary Fund stepped with a two-year, $26 million rescue package. The rescue package came with a few stipulations; The country laid off 1,800 government workers, floated its currency, liftedforeign exchange controls and sold off state assets.[14] At the time, the country's $800 million external foreign debt was equivalent to almost 175 percent of itsgross domestic product.[15]
The decision to let the currency trade freely as part of the IMF rescue package means that Seychelles is the smallest country in the world that has a completely independent currency - one that is neitherpegged, nor anadopted foreign currency, nor a common currency used within a largermonetary union. When the Seychellois rupee became freely floated on 3 November 2008, its value quickly fell drastically, decreasing from eight per U.S. dollar to 16, effectively doubled the prices of imports.[16]
The global recession andpiracy in the Indian Ocean hit Seychelles hard in 2009, with the GDP projected to contract by 7.5 percent. However the government exceeded its fiscal targets, with a primary surplus of 13.4% of GDP in the first nine months of 2009 according to the IMF. They report expenditure has been tightly controlled and revenue has held up well despite the difficult economic environment.[17]
In May 2010 an International Monetary Fund mission visited Seychelles and concluded the country is making progress. The head of the mission, Mr. Jean Le Dem, said at the conclusion of the visit:[18]
The economy is recovering from a recession that put real gross domestic product (GDP) to almost a stand in 2009. Real GDP is projected to grow at 4 percent in 2010, reflecting primarily a rebound in tourism earnings. Twelve-month inflation, which was negative during the past few months, is expected to return to about 1 percent by year-end
In 2017 the Seychelles joined the World Trade Organisation, facilitated by Omani economistHilda al-Hinai, who chaired the Working Group.[19]
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In addition to the now booming tourism and building/real estate markets, Seychelles has renewed its commitment to developing its financial services sector. Government officials and industry participants believe this could overtake the tourism industry as the chief pillar of the economy by 2017. The recent passage of a revised Mutual Fund Act 2007, Securities Act 2007 and Insurance Act 2007 are meant to be the catalysts to move Seychelles from just another offshore jurisdiction to a full-fledged Offshore Financial Center (OFC).
The Ministry of Finance is responsible for economic decisions and budgetary policy. A separate Monetary Authority supervises the banking system and manages the money supply. Although foreign banks operate branches in Seychelles, the government owns the two local banks—the Development Bank of Seychelles, which mobilizes resources to fund development programs, and the Seychelles Saving Bank, a bank for savings and current accounts.
The Financial Services Authority (formerly Seychelles International Business Authority - SIBA) is charged with overseeing the quickly growing non-banking financial services industry.
New detailed studies and exploration shows that the Seychelles potentially have large off-shorepetroleum reservoirs which are yet to be discovered. Drills have proven the presence of:
However, to date all exploratory and stratigraphic test wells (a total of 9 since the 1970s) in the Seychelles have failed to find commercial hydrocarbons. The most recent wildcat by Enterprise Oil in 1995 detected gas but failed to find hydrocarbons.
Several oil and gas exploration companies are active in the Seychelles offshore. These include East African Exploration (EAX) (a subsidiary ofAfren), Avana Petroleum (a subsidiary ofVanoil Energy) andWHL Energy.
Beginning at the turn of the millennium the Seychelles Petroleum Company (SEPEC) started to develop the first fleet of modern petroleum double-hull tankers, with five vessels, which was completed by late 2007/early 2008 with the possibility to build more in the near future. The Seychelles President claims that this has opened the door to a new industry for his country and encouraged economic growth by further removing over-reliance on traditional trades like fisheries and tourism, which is now falling rapidly as the country's main income but nevertheless, has experienced significant growth in recent years.[21]
The country has also increased its capacity for wind power, with windfarms onRomainville Island.
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GDP:
official exchange rate - $1.498 billion (2017)
purchasing power parity - $2.75 billion (2017)
GDP - real growth rate:
+5.3% (2017 est.)
0.8% (2016)
GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $29,300 (2017)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture:2.5% (2017 est.)
industry:13.8% (2017 est.)
services:83.7% (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (2017 est.)
-1% (2016 est.)
Labor force:
47,210 (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
services: 74%, industry: 23%, agriculture: 3% (2006)
Unemployment rate:
3% (2017 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $593.4 million (2017 est.)
expenditures: $600.7 million (2017 est.)
Industries:
fishing, tourism, processing ofcoconuts andvanilla,coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture; beverages
Industrial production growth rate:
2.3% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products:
coconuts,cinnamon,vanilla,sweet potatoes,cassava (tapioca),bananas;poultry;tuna
Exports:
$564.8 million (2017 est.)
Exports - commodities:
canned tuna, frozen fish,petroleum products (re-exports)
As of 2013[update], the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).[22]
Exports - partners:
UAE 28.5%,France 24%,UK 13.5%,Italy 8.9%,Germany 4.6% (2017)
UK 27.6%,France 15.8%,Spain 12.7%,Japan 8.6%,Italy 7.5%,Germany 5.6% (2004)
Imports:
$1.155 billion (2017 est.)
$991 million (2016 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods
Imports - partners:
UAE 13.4%,France 9.4%,Spain 5.7%,South Africa 5% (2017)
Debt - external:
$2.559 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$2.651 billion (31 December 2016 est,)
Currency:
1Seychelles rupee (SCR or SRe) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
Seychelles rupees (SCR) per US$1 − 13.64 (2017), 13.319 (2015), 12.747 (2013), 11.85 (May 2010), 16.7 (February 2009), 8.0 (2008), 5.8 (2007), 5.5 (2006), 5.3 (1999), 4.7 (1995)
Seychelles rupees (SCR) per Pound Sterling £1 − 17.50 (May 2010), 24.11 (February 2009)
Seychelles rupees (SCR) per Euro €1 − 15.04 (May 2010), 21.55 (February 2009)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
