Inpsychiatry,dysaesthesia aethiopica (literally "Ethiopianbad feeling", "black bad feeling") was an allegedmental illness described byAmerican physicianSamuel A. Cartwright in 1851, which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness amongslaves. Today,dysaesthesia aethiopica is not recognized as a disease, but instead considered an example ofpseudoscience,[1] and part of the edifice ofscientific racism.[2]
Applied exclusively toAfrican Americans, dysaesthesia aethiopica – calledrascality by the overseers – was characterized bypartial insensitivity of the skin and "so great ahebetude of the intellectual faculties, as to be like a person half asleep."[3] Other symptoms included "lesions of the body discoverable to the medical observer, which are always present and sufficient to account for the symptoms."[4][5] Cartwright contended that the existence of dysaesthesia aethiopica was "clearly established by the most direct and positive testimony," but other doctors had failed to notice it because their "attention [had] not been sufficiently directed to the maladies of the negro race."[3]
Cartwright felt that dysaesthesia aethiopica was "easily curable, if treated on sound physiological principles."[6] Insensitivity of the skin was one symptom of the disease, so the skin should be stimulated:
The best means to stimulate the skin is, first, to have the patient well washed with warm water and soap; then, to anoint it all over in oil, and to slap the oil in with a broad leather strap; then to put the patient to some hard kind of work in the sunshine.[6]
Author Vanessa Jackson has noted that lesions were a symptom of dysaesthesia aethiopica and "the ever-resourceful Dr. Cartwright determined that whipping could ... cure this disorder. Of course, one wonders if the whipping were not the cause of the 'lesions' that confirmed the diagnosis."[7]
According to Cartwright, after the prescribed "course of treatment" the slave will "look grateful and thankful to the white man whose compulsory power ... has restored his sensation and dispelled the mist that clouded his intellect."[6]
According to Cartwright, dysaesthesia aethiopica was "much more prevalent amongfree negroes living in clusters by themselves, than amongslaves on our plantations, and attacks only such slaves as live like free negroes in regard to diet, drinks, exercise, etc." – indeed, according to Cartwright, "nearly all [free negroes] are more or less afflicted with it, that have not got some white person to direct and to take care of them."[8] He explicitly dismissed the opinion which assigned the causes of the "problematic" behaviour to the social situation of the slaves without further justifications: "[The northern physicians] ignorantly attribute the symptoms to the debasing influence of slavery on the mind."