Adomain name registrar is a company, person, or office that manages the reservation ofInternetdomain names.
A domain name registrar must be accredited by ageneric top-level domain (gTLD)registry or acountry code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry. A registrar operates in accordance with the guidelines of the designateddomain name registries. As of March 2024, there are 2,800 domain name registrars accredited byICANN.[1]
The need for a central authority to assign or administer domain names emerged from collaboration among computer network pioneers as they created theDomain Name System in the 1980s. In a 1982 draftRequest for Comments (RFC), editorJonathan Postel proposed a "czar of domains." In her revisions of the draft,Jake Feinler crossed out "czar" and introduced the term "registrar." She designated theDOD Network Information Center, of which she was the head, as the registrar of top-level domains.[2][3]
This draft was published asRFC 819. The RFC standardized the naming system for computers on the internet, creating domain names.[4] It specifies that "associated with each domain there is a single person (or office) called the registrar."[5]
The earliest domain names were names of organizations, such as.arpa for theAdvanced Research Projects Agency. Feinler switched to a system of naming by generic categories, creating.mil,.gov,.org,.edu, and.com asgeneric top-level domain.[6] This existed alongside a system ofcountry code top-level domains administered by Postel. Eventually the role of registrar for each of the TLDs was delegated to various universities (theUniversity of Dortmund for.de,Kuwait University for.kw, etc.) and, via US government contracts, to private companies.[3]
As the internet expanded in the early 1990s, becoming more commercial and international, the US government decided it could no longer provide domain name management free of charge.[3]
From 1991 to 1999,Network Solutions Inc. (NSI) operated the registries for the .com, .net, and .org top-level domains (TLDs). In addition to the function ofdomain name registry operator, it was also the sole registrar for these domains. However, several companies had developed independent registrar services. In 1996, one such company,Ivan Pope's company,NetNames, developed the concept of a standalone commercial domain name registration service that would sell domain registration and other associated services to the public, effectively establishing the retail arm of an industry with the registries being the wholesalers.[citation needed] NSI assimilated this model, which ultimately led to the separation of registry and registrar functions.[citation needed]
In 1997, PGMedia filed an antitrust suit against NSI citing theDNS root zone as an essential facility, and the USNational Science Foundation (NSF) was joined as a defendant in this action.[7] Ultimately, NSI was granted immunity fromantitrust litigation, but the litigation created enough pressure to restructure the domain name market.
In October 1998, following pressure from the growing domain name registration business and other interested parties, NSI's agreement with theUnited States Department of Commerce was amended.[8] This amendment required the creation of a shared registration system that supported multiple registrars. This system officially commenced service on November 30, 1999, under the supervision of theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), although there had been several testbed registrars using the system since March 11, 1999. Approximately 2,800 registrars are accredited by ICANN as of 31 March 2024.[1]
Of the registrars who initially entered the market, many have continued to grow and outpace rivals.GoDaddy is the largest registrar managing over 50M .com domains.[9] Other widely used registrars includeTucows (who acquiredEnom),Namecheap[9] andWebcentral. Registrars who initially led the market but later were surpassed by rivals includeNetwork Solutions andDotster[citation needed]. Domain name registration is frequently offered in conjunction with web development services, and as a result, software-as-a-service (SaaS)website builders such asSquarespace andWix.com are among the top domain name registrars worldwide.[10][9]
Each ICANN-accredited registrar must pay a fee of US$4,000 plus a variable fee.[11] As of The sum of annual registrar fees are estimated to total US$10.4 million for 2025 financial year[1] The competition created by the shared registration system enables end users to choose from many registrars offering a range of related services at varying prices.
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Domain registration information and accreditation is maintained by the domain name registries, which contract with domain registrars to provide registration services to the public.[12] Domain name registrars are organizations that allow individuals or entities (registrants) to register a domain name.[13] An end user selects a registrar to provide the registration service, and that registrar becomes thedesignated registrar for the domain purchased by the user, also referred to as theRegistered Name Holder.[14]
Only the designated registrar may modify or delete information about domain names in a central registry database.[15] It is not unusual for an registered name holder to switch registrars, invoking adomain transfer process between the registrars involved, that is which is governed by domain name transfer policies established by the affiliated registry and ICANN.[16]
When a registrar registers a.com domain name for an end-user, it must pay a maximum annual fee of US$9.59 and for .net the maximum price for one year is set at $9.92[17] toVeriSign, the registry operator forcom, and a US$0.18 annual administration fee to ICANN. In 2012, the U.S. government set a price cap on the wholesale cost of .com domain registrations at $7.85 per year. Between 2012 and 2021, the U.S. government set a price cap on the wholesale cost of .com domain registrations at $7.85 per year; since then, the wholesale cost has increased marginally on an annual basis.[18]
Registrars may offer registration through third party resellers who may not be ICANN-accredited registrars.[19] An end-user either registers directly with a registrar, or indirectly through one or more layers of resellers. As of 2023, the retail cost generally ranges from a low of about $9.70 per year to about $35 per year for a simplecom domain registration, although registrars often discount the price for a registration when ordered with other products such asweb hosting services.[20] The price for other gTLD registrations or renewals can vary.
The maximum period of registration for a gTLD domain name is 10 years.[21] Some registrars offer longer periods of up to 100 years, but such offers involve the registrar renewing the registration for their customer every 10 years by themselves. If the registrar is de-accredited or goes out of business the domain name will be transferred to another accredited registrar. The full 100 year registration on such a transferred domain may not apply due to ICANN having a maximum of ten years for a registration[citation needed].
Registration of a domain name establishes a set ofname server records in the DNS servers of the parent domain, indicating theIP addresses[22] of DNS servers that are authoritative for the domain. This provides a reference for direct queries of domain data.
Registration of a domain does not automatically imply the provision of DNS services for the registered domain. Most registrars do offerDNS hosting as an optional free service for domains registered through them. If DNS services are not offered, or the end-user opts out, the end-user is responsible for procuring or self-hosting DNS services. Registrars require the specification of usually at least two name servers.
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The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a suite of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) specifications for securing certain kinds of information provided by the Domain Name System. This involves a registrar processing public key data and creating DS records for addition into the parent zone. All new GTLD registries and registrars must support DNSSEC.
A domain name transfer is the process of changing the designated registrar of a domain name. ICANN has defined aPolicy on Transfer of Registrations between Registrars.[23] The usual process of a domain name transfer is:
After this process, the new registrar is the domain name's designated registrar. The process may take about five days. In some cases, the old registrar may intentionally delay the transfer as long as allowable. After transfer, the domain cannot be transferred again for 60 days, except back to the previous registrar. At theICANN 82 meeting in March 2025, this 60-day transfer lock policy was eliminated, replaced with a 30-day lock period for new registrations or transfers, effective following implementation within 18 months.[24][25]
If an attempt is made to transfer a domain immediately before it expires, a transfer can in some cases take up to 14 days, meaning that the transfer may not complete before the registration expires. This could result in loss of the domain name registration and failure of the transfer. To avoid this, end users could either transfer well before the expiration date, or renew the registration before attempting the transfer.[26]
If a domain registration expires, irrespective of the reason, it can be difficult, expensive, or impossible for the original owner to get it back. After the expiration date, the domain status often passes through several management phases, often for a period of months; usually it does not simply become generally available.[27]
The introduction of a shared registry system opened up the previous domain registration monopoly to new entities known as registrars, which were qualified by ICANN to do business. Many registrars had to compete with each other, and although some companies offeredvalue added services or usedviral marketing, others, such asVeriSign and theDomain Registry of America attempted to trick customers to switch from their current registrar using a practice known asdomain slamming.
Many of these transfer scams involve a notice sent in the mail, fax, or e-mail. Some scammers contact end-users by telephone (because the contact information is available throughWHOIS) to obtain more information. These notices would include information publicly available from the WHOIS database to add to the look of authenticity. The text would includelegalese to confuse the end user into thinking that it is an official binding notice. Scam registrars go after domain names that are expiring soon or have recently expired. Domain name expiry dates are readily available via WHOIS.
Adrop catcher is a domain name registrar that offers the service of attempting to quickly register a given domain name for a customer if that name becomes available—that is, to "catch" a "dropped" name—when the domain name's registration expires and is then deleted, either because the registrant abandons the domain or because the registrant did not renew the registration prior to deletion.
Several organizations post market-share-ranked lists of domain name registrars and numbers of domains registered at each. The published lists differ in whichtop-level domains (TLDs) they use; in the frequency of updates; and in whether their basic data is absolute numbers provided by registries, or daily changes derived fromzone files.
The lists appear to all use at most 16 publicly available generic TLDs (gTLDs) that existed as of December 2009, plus .us. A February 2010 ICANNzone file access concept paper[22] explains that most country code TLD (ccTLD) registries stopped providing zone files in 2003, citing abuse.
Published rankings and reports include:
ICANN registrar accreditation is a process established by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to ensure thatgTLD domain registrars meet specific standards and requirements in providing gTLD domain registration services. The country codeccTLDs typically have their own registrar accreditation processes.
To become an ICANN-accredited domain registrar,[29] companies must undergo a comprehensive and rigorous application process.
The application fee for ICANN Accreditation as of April 12, 2021, is $3,500[30] which is non-refundable. In addition, registrars are required to provide documentation confirming that they possess access to a minimum working capital of $70,000 at the time of application.
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