Die Aktion ("The Action") was a Germanliterary and political magazine, edited byFranz Pfemfert and published between 1911 and 1932 inBerlin-Wilmersdorf; it promoted literaryExpressionism and stood forleft-wing politics. To begin with,Die Aktion was published weekly, after 1919 fortnightly, and only sporadically beginning from 1926.
Publication ofDie Aktion was resumed in 1981 by theEdition Nautilus publishing house. Issues appear irregularly.
In 1904, Franz Pfemfert became an editor of theanarchist magazineDer Kampf, under the direction ofSenna Hoy. There he came into contact with many modern writers and artists, as well as with political opposition groups. One of his early collaborators wasHerwarth Walden, future editor ofDer Sturm.
After leaving his position atDer Kampf, Pfemfert worked for the magazinesDas Blaubuch andDemokrat (becoming the latter's co-editor in 1910). In the radical left-wingDemokrat magazine, which he co-edited withGeorg Zepler (1859–1925), he published texts by numerous writers who would later become contributors toDie Aktion. In early 1911 Pfemfert's arrangement with Zepler ended when Zepler, without consulting Pfemfert, dropped a planned article byKurt Hiller from the list of scheduled contributions. Pfemfert decided that he needed his own magazine; thus was bornDie Aktion.
The first issue ofDie Aktion was published 2 February 1911, with the subheading "Magazine forliberal politics and literature". In 1912 the subheading became "Weekly periodical for politics, literature and art". Pfemfert was the founding editor of the magazine.[1]
Through Pfemfert's contact with Hiller and Hiller's friends inDer Neue Club, who organized evenings of readings withExpressionist artists under the heading "neo-dramatic club",Die Aktion quickly became the leading medium of the new movement. As Pfemfert succeeded in making many writers famous over short periods of time, and formed relations with such publishing houses asErnst Rowohlt andSamuel Fischer, he received a steady influx of quality contributions (despite the fact that he would not pay anyroyalties to the writers).
From 1913, several special issues were published which were devoted to poetry, including one issue which was devoted solely to the works ofGeorg Heym (who had died at age 24 in early 1912). After 1914 the rate of artwork increased — the period is noted for its especially expressivewoodcuts published.
In the first issue, Pfemfert outlined the aim ofDie Aktion:
Pfemfert also used the magazine in campaigns such as the freeing ofAustrian sex psychologistOtto Gross, who had been arrested and committed by his own father.
The outbreak of war in 1914 worsened the situation, with strictercensorship. Pfemfert decided to publish only those contributions that were purely literary in nature, in order to avoid a complete ban of the magazine. He succeeded against the odds, asDie Aktion never actually stopped the flow of anti-war messages (including virulent articles that had already been featured in other magazines, such as "I Cut Time", and a column of letters to the editor which allowed sharp criticism of artists and intellectuals who were supporting the war). Pfemfert also continued to publish literary articles with veiledantimilitaristic themes, such as poems from the front (including works byOskar Kanehl andWilhelm Klemm, who painted a stark picture oftrench warfare). Moreover, several issues were entirely dedicated to literature from "enemy countries". From 1915, Pfemfert was involved in the clandestineAntinational Socialist Party.[3]
Declaring himself disappointed with Expressionism, Pfemfert abandoned his advocacy of the movement (arguing that many writers had become too saturated, and that they only were interested in contracts with large publishing houses — which he understood as a betrayal). He felt that the once rebellious phase of expressionism was finally over, and, in reaction, he only published political texts inDie Aktion. Immediately following the outbreak of theGerman Revolution,Die Aktion was declared the official organ of the Antinational Socialist Party and advocated social revolution and support for theRussian Revolution. The magazine published a heterogeneous range of writers fromLenin and prominent Bolsheviks, to anarchists likeBakunin. (See below)
Even by the end of 1918,Die Aktion had published an appeal by theSpartacist League, and following the founding of theCommunist Party of Germany (KPD), Pfemfert made his magazine the party voice. To that end, he gaveDie Aktion a new subheading, that ofWeekly periodical for revolutionary socialism. When the KPD changed its policies in October 1919, and began to excludeSyndicalists, Pfemfert tried once again to alignDie Aktion with theLeft Communist opposition. From 1920 however, he supported theCommunist Workers' Party of Germany (KAPD), aCouncil Communist organization. In the mid-1920s he moved closer to theFree Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD), theAnarcho-Syndicalist ofRudolf Rocker, and published several of Rocker's texts in his magazine. However, it had become apparent by then that the revolutionary cause had lost its momentum.
Another factor washyperinflation before the adoption of theRentenmark.
In 1929 the subheading was changed toMagazine for revolutionary communism, but by thenDie Aktion was almost non-existent. In order to save space, texts were eventually printed in smaller and smaller font; in 1929 there were three issues, in 1930 one, in 1931 two, and in August 1932 the very last issue. Alongside economic and political reasons, Pfemfert's worsening health during the late 1920s contributed to the outcome.
Die Aktion was in thequarto format, with double-line spacing. In the beginning, the magazine was inBlackletter, but was changed toAntiqua in 1912 (more in line with itsmodernist tone).
Most issues were 14 pages long. The magazine was usually headed by Pfemfert's political editorials. Early on, these were printed on the title page, before it was changed to a cover that often featured an Expressionist artwork alongside the magazine's contents.
The economic base ofDie Aktion was always unstable, despite its initial success among theintelligentsia. At its peak, 7,000 copies were sold. The price started at 10pfennig, rising to 30 at the outbreak ofWorld War I, then 40, and climbing to 80 pfennig by 1918.
To attract more revenue, a luxury edition was printed ondeckle edged paper with a circulation of 100 copies, and sold at four-times the usual price. This came about as Pfemfert wanted to remain independent, printing no advertisements, but also to regularly attend events such as balls, readings and lecture evenings. He turned down contributions from third parties, such as fromPaul Cassirer, who made him such an offer during the war.
From 1916,Aktion books were published on the side, and, in 1917, Pfemfert foundedAktions-Buch-und-Kunsthandlung ("Aktion's book and art dealers"), which was run by Pfemfert's wife,Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert. Based in Kaiserallee 222 (today Bundesallee) inBerlin-Wilmersdorf, it also helped to increase revenue.
At the start,Kurt Hiller and AnarchistAnselm Ruest worked with Pfemfert on the magazine; Ruest left in 1912, and Hiller in 1913. From 1918 to 1929, the poetOskar Kanehl was Pfemfert's most important collaborator, and Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert regularly participated in working on the magazine. At least for a short time, there was also a secretary, Lisa Pasedag.
In 1951,Margarete Buber-Neumann became its editor.[4]
SeeDie Aktion on the German language Wikisource for full list of articles.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
