Although the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear, many scholars place it in thePasinler Plain in today's northeasternTurkey, while others locate it in theArmenian–Georgian marchlands as it follows theKura River. Most probably, the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of theEuphrates into the river valleys ofÇoruh[24] toOltu. The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi's three key cities—Zua, Utu and Sasilu; Zua is frequently identified withZivin Kale and Utu is probably modern Oltu, while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgiantoponym Sasire, near Tortomi (present-dayTortum, Turkey).[25] The Diaeuhian city Šešetina may have corresponded toŞavşat, Turkey (Shavsheti in Georgian).[26]
The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to,[27][28] or bordered,[29] the previousHayasa-Azzi territory.
History
In the early 8th century, Diauehi became the target of the newly emerged regional power ofUrartu.Menua (810–785 BC) conquered part of Diaeuhi, annexing its most important cities: Zua, Utu, and Shashilu, and forcing the king of Diauehi, Utupursi(ni), to pay a tribute of gold and silver.
Menua's sonArgishti I (785–763 BC), campaigned against the Diauehi kingdom in 783.[30] Argishti I defeated KingUtupursi, annexing his possessions․ In exchange for his life, Utupursi was forced to pay a tribute including a variety of metals and livestock.[31] Toward the end of his reign, Argishti I led yet another campaign against Utuspursi, who led a rebellion against the Urartians.[30]
Possible ethno-linguistic identification
Diauehi is considered by some as a locus ofProto-Kartvelian; it has been described as an "important tribal formation of possible proto-Georgians" byRonald Grigor Suny (1994).[32]
According toRobert H. Hewsen, they may have been speakers of a language unrelated to any other in the Caucasus region.[33]
However, they are mentioned byDiodorus Siculus as Xaoi, which Hewsen etymologizes as a Greek form of theArmenian endonym, Hayk'.[34]
Massimo Forlanini proposed a connection between the name of the Diaeuhi tribe, Baltu, and theHayasan deity, Baltaik. He also compared these to the name of the Hayasan mercenary, Waltahi.[35]
Connection to Daiaeni (Dayaeni)
Some scholars have linked the Diaeuhi to theBronze Age Daiaeni (Dayaeni) tribe,[28] mentioned in 12th century BC Assyrian sources as being part of theNairi confederation.[36][37] This connection is mainly due to the phonetic similarities of the names Daiaeni and Diaeuhi.
The Daiaeni were powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC their king, Sien, was defeated by Tiglath-Pileser I. Sien was captured and later released on terms of vassalage.
Daiaeni appeared again in Assyrian texts nearly three centuries later when King Asia of Daiaeni (850–825 BC) was forced to submit to the Assyrian kingShalmaneser III in 845 BC, after the latter had overrun Urartu and made a foray into Daiaeni.
As the Daiaeni of Assyrian records seem to have been located further south than the Diaeuhi of Urartian records, Robert H. Hewsen andNicholas Adontz proposed that the Diaieni originally inhabited a region betweenPalu and eitherMush Province orLake Van.[13]: 207 They then moved north toKars Province, where they battled the Urartians and later encountered Greek mercenaries, includingXenophon. They subsequently moved further northwest.[13]: 207
Archibald Sayce suggested that Daiaeni was named after an eponymous founder, Diaus, and thus meant "people of the land/tribe of Diau(s)".[38]
Onomastics
Daiaeni rulers
Diau(s) (possible founder/patriarch suggested by Archibald Sayce)
^David Marshall Lang (1966). The Georgians, Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. 244 pp.
"At all events, the Classical Iberian kingdom, unified by a common,Georgian tongue, came to include a number of important and ancient ethnic groups, including the remains of the Diauehi (Taokhoi), the Moskhoi (Meskhians) "...
^Nodar Assatiani, Საქართველოს ისტორია, Tbilissi, Sakartvelos Matsne, 2001 p.30
^Suny, R.G. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (1996)Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. (9780472096176) University of Michigan Press p.3
"Proto - Georgians formed the tribal confederation of the Diauehi about the twelfth century B.C."
"The tribal union of Diauehi was recorded in the 12th century bc"
^Davitashvili, Zurab V.., Singh, Vijay P.., Bondyrev, Igor V.. The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives. Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
"About this time, in southwestern Georgia formed the first political unities of Georgian tribes: Diauhi (Daièna)"
"they [Colchis] absorbed part of Diaokh (c.750 BCE)"
^Rayfield, D. (2013) Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia (9781780230702) Reaktion Books. p.17
^Nodar Assatiani et Alexandre Bendianachvili, Histoire de la Géorgie, l'Harmattan, Paris, 1997 (ISBN 2-7384-6186-7) p.31
^Nodar Assatiani et Otar Djanelidze, History of Georgia, Publishing House Petite, Tbilissi, 2009 p.16
^Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Royaume-Uni: Archaeopress Publishing Limited, 2019. p.141
"mainly divided between Urartu and Colchis"
^abA. G. Sagona.Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, p. 30.
* Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills:Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney, David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New Ed edition (December 31, 2001)
*Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito: Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C. p141
* C. Burney, Die Bergvölker Vorderasiens, Essen 1975, 274
* Ahuja, M.R. and Jain, S.M. (2015) Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants: Indicators and Prevention. Springer International Publishing. p.161
* Burford, T. (2018) Georgia p.14
* R. G. Suny.The Making of the Georgian Nation, p. 6.
^Hrach Martirosyan (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language". Leiden University: 9. Retrieved 9 October 2019. p. 8.
^A.V. Dumikyan (2016). "Taik in The Assyrian and Biainian Cuneiform Inscriptions, Ancient Greek and Early Medieval Armenian Sources (the Interpretations of the 19th Century French Armenologists)"Fundamental Armenology No. 2 4.
^Armen Petrosyan (September 1, 2010).The Armenian Elements In The Language And Onomastics Of Urartu. Association For Near Eastern And Caucasian Studies. p. 137.
233. «...К примеру, Г. Тиранян считал, что племена саспейров или эсперитов, фасианов и халдайев (халдеев) или халибов имели, вероятно, картвельское или грузинское происхождение, а таохи — хурритское происхождение.» 246. «Подытоживая вышесказанное, мы приходим к выводу, что бассейн реки Чорох в VII—VII веках до н.э. был населёнскифскими племенами, подчинившими местноеармянское население, а в районе устья реки Чорох —грузинские племена. Во второй половине I тысячелетия до н.э. они, в основном, оказались в водовороте формирования армянского народа и были арменезированы.»
^М. А. Агларов.Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования. Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанского научного центра РАН. p. 191.
31. «Среди специалистов существует мнение, что диаухи-таохи являлись хурритским племенем.»
«Западное протогрузинское объединение Колхида существовало самостоятельно давно; уже в VIII в. до х.э. оно предположительно унаследовало северные земли уничтоженного урартами хурритского государства таохов, расположенные в долине р. Чорох.»
^А. В. Седов (2004).История древнего Востока. М: Восточная литература. p. 872.ISBN5020183881.
«Этническая принадлежность Дайаэни не вполне ясна; Г. А. Меликишвили считает их хурритским племенем, и это весьма вероятно. Но Дайаэни просуществовало до VIII в. до н.э., а следовательно, грузиноязычные халды-халибы, засвидетельствованные западнее, возможно, уже с IX в., должны были бы пройти здесь, скорее всего, раньше его образования, — по всей вероятности, в начале XII в. до н.э...»
^abLevan Gordzeiani. "Some Remarks on Qulḫa."Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday. eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2019. pp. 242-243.[1]
^abTrevor Bryce.The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. 2009. p. 193.
^Çiftçi, Ali (2017).The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. Brill. pp. 123–125.ISBN9789004347588.
^Robert H. Hewsen.Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 30.
^Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”.Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 5.https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_
^The Armenians — Page 27 by Elizabeth Redgate, A. E. (Anne Elizabeth) Redgate Grayson, IL, 1976 (pp. 12-13)
first mention of the Daiaeni tribe, who some scholars link to later Diaeuhi
Further reading
Antonio Sagona, Claudia Sagona,Archaeology At The North-east Anatolian Frontier, I: An Historical Geography And A Field Survey of the Bayburt Province (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) (Hardcover), Peeters (January 30, 2005),ISBN90-429-1390-8
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