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There are several versions of the origin of the word "dau". Previously, it was believed that it could be ofArabic orPersian origin (and although in the 21st century there is no such word in either Arabic or Persian, some Dutch documents from the 17th-18th centuries indicate that then the Persian worddawh meant "small ship"). Recently, most researchers are inclined to believe that this term comes fromdaw in thelanguage of theSwahili people in East Africa, which means "vessel". However, regardless of the sources of its origin, the use of "dhow" as a collective term to refer to the boats of the Indian Ocean with characteristic "Arabian" sails, was introduced definitely by Europeans. Since in the European tradition ships were classified mainly according to their sailing equipment, all the ships of the Indian Ocean that carried similar Arabian sails and looked more or less the same to the untrained European eye were known to as Europeans using a single word, "dhow".[4]
At the same time, neither the Arabs nor the Indians use the term "dhow" to refer to their vessels collectively. The collective terms used in Arabic for ships aremarkab,khashab andfalūka;falūka is related to the termfulk (Arabic:فُلك) used in theQur'an to describeNoah's ark.[5] On the other hand, the peoples of the Indian Ocean use separate special names for each type of ship, differing from each other mainly not in sailing rigging, but in size, hull design and number of masts.[6]
The exact origins of the dhow are lost to history. Most scholars believe that it originated in India from 600 BC to 600 AD, although there are some who claim that the sanbuk, a type of dhow, may be derived from the Portuguesecaravel.[7][8] However, Portuguese caravels only appeared in the area in the late 15th century.
The dhow was the ship of trade first used by theSomalis. TheSomali people who are known to have the oldest surviving dhow which is calledBeden, have traded with the ancient world from Egypt, Babylon, as well as the civilizations of the far east, carrying valuablefrankincense,myrrh,gold, etc. It was the Somali merchants that first introduced exotic animals from Africa to theMing Dynasty. The dhow was used to transport a giraffe to the Chinese EmperorYong Le's court, in 1414.[9] Another source suggests the ship that carried the giraffe to China was part of a large Chinese fleet led byZheng He.[10]
Ships that are similar to the dhow are mentioned or described in the1001 Nights including various ports where they harboured. The dhow is also associated with thepearl trade.[citation needed]
The YemeniHadhrami people, as well asOmanis, for centuries came toBeypore, inKerala, India for their dhows. This was because of the good timber in the Kerala forests, the availability of goodcoir rope, and the skilled shipwrights. In former times, the sheathing planks of a dhow's hull were held together by coconut rope. Beypore dhows are known as 'Uru' inMalayalam, the local language of Kerala. Settlers from Yemen, known as 'Baramis', or 'Daramis' which could be derived from the word 'Hardamis' are still active in making urus in Kerala.[citation needed]
Dhows were extensively used for theRed Sea slave trade and theIndian Ocean slave trade, which theRoyal Navy attempted to suppress. In his 1873 book, Captain G. L. Sulivan described "four different kinds of coasting dhows, as shown in the engravings, viz. the Bateele, the Badane, Bugala or genuine Dhow, and the Matapa boat".[11]
In the 1920s, British writers identifiedAl Hudaydah as the centre for dhow building. Those built in Al Hudaydah were smaller in size, and used for travel along the coasts. They were constructed ofacacia found in Yemen.[12] They are distinguishable for their smaller triangular sails on movable bases to harvest the irregular winds of the Red Sea.[13]
CaptainAlan Villiers (1903–1982) documented the days of sailing trade in the Indian Ocean by sailing on dhows between 1938 and 1939 taking numerous photographs and publishing books on the subject of dhow navigation.[14][15]
Even to the present day, dhows make commercial journeys between thePersian Gulf and East Africa using sails as their only means ofpropulsion. Their cargo is mostlydates and fish to East Africa andmangrove timber to the lands in thePersian Gulf. They often sail south with themonsoon in winter or early spring, and back again to Arabia in late spring or early summer.[citation needed]
For celestial navigation, dhow sailors have traditionally used thekamal, an observation device that determineslatitude by finding the angle of thePole Star above thehorizon.[16]
Boom (Arabic:بوم,romanized: būm) ordhangi – a large-sized dhow with a stern that is tapering in shape and a more symmetrical overall structure. The Arab boum has a very high prow, which is trimmed in the Indian version.[20]
Ghanjah (غنجة) orkotiya – a large vessel, similar to the Baghlah, with a curved stem and a sloping, ornately carvedtransom.[21]
Jahazi orjihazi (جهازي). A fishing or trading dhow with a broad hull similar to thejalibut, common in Lamu Island and the coast of Oman. It is also used in Bahrain for the pearl industry.[22] The word comes fromjahāz (جهاز), aPersian word for "ship".[23]
Jaliboot orjelbut (جالبوت). A small to medium-sized dhow. It is the modern version of the shu'ai with a shorter prow stem piece. Mostjalibuts are fitted with engines.
Sambuk orsambuq (صنبوق) – the largest type of dhow seen in the Persian Gulf today. It has a characteristic keel design, with a sharp curve right below the top of the prow. It has been one of the most successful dhows in history.[24] The word is cognate with theGreekσαμβύκηsambúkē, ultimately fromMiddle Persiansambūk.[25]
Shu'ai (شوعي). Medium-sized dhow. Formerly the most common dhow in the Persian Gulf used for fishing as well as for coastal trade.
Zaruq – small dhow, slightly larger than a barijah[26]
Dhoni – Maldivian traditional multi-purpose sail vessel.
The term "dhow" is sometimes also applied to certain smaller lateen-sail rigged boats traditionally used in theRed Sea, the easternMediterranean and the Persian Gulf area, as well as in the Indian Ocean from Madagascar to theBay of Bengal. These include thefeluccas used in Egypt, Sudan and Iraq,[5] and thedhoni used in the Maldives, as well as thetranki,ghrab andghalafah.[27] All these vessels have common elements with the dhow. On theSwahili Coast, in countries such as Kenya, theSwahili word used for dhow is "jahazi".[1]
TheAl-Hashemi-II (1997-2001), inKuwait City, Kuwait, was recognized byGuinness World Record as the largest wooden dhow ever built; it has never been floated and is used for events.
^Villiers, Alan (2006).Sons of Sinbad : an account of sailing with the Arabs in their Dhows, in the Red Sea, round the coasts of Arabia, and to Zanzibar and Tanganyika; pearling in the Persian Gulf; and the life of the shipmasters and mariners of Kuwait. Facey, William, 1948–, Ḥijjī, Yaʻqūb Yūsuf., Pundyk, Grace., Markaz al-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Kuwaytīyah (Kuwait). London: Arabian Pub. in association with the Centre for Research and Studies in Kuwait.ISBN0954479238.OCLC61478193.
^Xavier, Sandy."Zaruq".CA: Sympatico. Archived fromthe original on 5 October 2003. Retrieved6 September 2012.
^Abdullah, Thabit AJ (2000),The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra, Social and Economic History of the Middle East, SUNY,ISBN978-0-7914-4808-3.
Bowen, Richard LeBaron,Essay on the tradition of painting eyes, known as oculi, on the bows of boats among mariners and fishermen from ancient times to the present. Found particularly in the Indian Ocean region.
Hawkins, Clifford W. (1977).The dhow: an illustrated history of the dhow and its world. Nautical Publishing Co.ISBN978-0245526558.
Anthony Jack,Arab dhows.
Kaplan, Marion (2015).So Old a Ship: Twilight of the Arab dhow. Moho Books.ISBN978-0955720826.
———; Martin, Chryssee Perry (1979), "Cargoes of the east : the ports, trade, and culture of the Arabian Seas and western Indian Ocean",The Geographical Journal,145 (1), foreword by Elspeth Huxley: 130,Bibcode:1979GeogJ.145..130K,doi:10.2307/633106,JSTOR633106.
Henri Perrier,Djibouti's dhows.
A.H.J. Prins,Sailing fromLamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen: van Gorcum & Comp., 1965.
A.H.J. Prins. The Persian Gulf Dhows: Two Variants in Maritime Enterprise.Persica: Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran, No.II (1965–1966): pp. 1–18.
A.H.J. Prins. The Persian Gulf Dhows: Notes on the Classification of Mid-Eastern Sea-Craft.Persica: Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran, No.VI (1972–1974): pp. 157–1166.
A.H.J. Prins.A Handbook of Sewn Boats. Maritime Monographs and Reports No.59. Greenwich, London:: National Maritime Museum, 1986.
Tessa Rihards,Dhow building : survival of an ancient craft.
