American particle physicist and string theorist
David Jonathan Gross (/ɡ r oʊ s theoretical physicist andstring theorist . Along withFrank Wilczek andDavid Politzer , he was awarded the 2004Nobel Prize in Physics [ 1] asymptotic freedom . Gross is the Chancellor's Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at theKavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) of theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB),[ 2] Frederick W. Gluck Chair in Theoretical Physics.[ 3] UCSB Physics Department [ 4] [ 5] Chapman University in California. He is a foreign member of theChinese Academy of Sciences .[ 6]
Early life and education [ edit ] Gross was born in Washington, D.C., in February 1941 to aJewish family from Austro-Hungary.[ 7] Bertram Myron Gross (1912–1997). Gross received his bachelor's degree from theHebrew University of Jerusalem , in 1962. He received his Ph.D. in physics from theUniversity of California, Berkeley in 1966, under the supervision ofGeoffrey Chew .
Research and career [ edit ] In 1973, Gross, working with his first graduate student,Frank Wilczek , at Princeton University, discoveredasymptotic freedom —the primary feature of non-Abelian gauge theories—which led Gross and Wilczek to the formulation ofquantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong nuclear force. Asymptotic freedom is a phenomenon where the nuclear force weakens at short distances, which explains why experiments at very high energy can be understood as if nuclear particles are made of non-interacting quarks. Therefore, the closerquarks are to each other, the less thestrong interaction (orcolor charge ) is between them; when quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost as free particles. The flip side of asymptotic freedom is that the force between quarks grows stronger as one tries to separate them. This is the reason why the nucleus of an atom can never be broken into its quark constituents.
QCD completed theStandard Model , which details the three basic forces of particle physics—the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. Gross was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, with Politzer and Wilczek, for this discovery.[ 1]
Gross, withJeffrey A. Harvey ,Emil Martinec , andRyan Rohm also formulated the theory of theheterotic string . The four were whimsically nicknamed the "Princeton String Quartet."[ 8] [ 9]
He was a junior fellow atHarvard University (1966–69)[ 10] Princeton University until 1997, when he began serving as Princeton's Thomas Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics Emeritus.[ 11]
In 2003, Gross was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed theHumanist Manifesto .[ 12]
Gross is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for theDepartment of Energy 'sOffice of Science , theNational Science Foundation , and theNational Institute of Standards and Technology .[ 13]
In 2015, Gross signed theMainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting . The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successfulCOP21 climate summit in Paris.[ 14]
Gross' first wife was Shulamith (Toaff), and they had two children. He also has a stepdaughter by his second wife, Jacquelyn Savani.[ 15] Samuel R. Gross , professor of law, andTheodore (Teddy) Gross , a playwright.
J. J. Sakurai Prize ,American Physical Society (1986)[ 16] Fellowship Prize, MacArthur Foundation (1987)[ 17] Dirac Medal ,International Center for Theoretical Physics (1988)[ 18] Oscar Klein Medal ,Royal Swedish Academy (2000)[ 19] Harvey Prize ,Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (2000)[ 20] High Energy and Particle Physics Prize ,European Physical Society (2003)[ 21] Grande Médaille d'Or ,French Academy of Sciences (2004)[ 22] Nobel Prize in Physics (2004)[ 1] [ 23] Golden Plate Award, Academy of Achievement (2005)[ 24] San Carlos Borromeo Award,University of San Carlos , Philippines (2008)Honorary Doctorate in Science, theUniversity of Cambodia (2010)[ 25] Richard E. Prange Prize,University of Maryland (2013)[ 26] Medal of Honor,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research , Dubna, Russia (2016)[ 27] [ 28] Memberships in academies and societies [ edit ] NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program ,National Science Foundation (1963–66)Fellowship,Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1970–74)[ 29] Fellow,American Physical Society (elected 1974)[ 30] Member,American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected 1985)[ 31] Member,National Academy of Sciences (elected 1986)[ 32] Fellow,American Association for the Advancement of Science (elected 1987)[ 33] Honorary Fellow,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (2005)[ 34] Member,American Philosophical Society (elected 2007)[ 35] Honorary Fellow,Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore, India (elected 2007)[ 36] Fellow,The World Academy of Sciences for the developing world (elected 2007)[ 37] Member,International Academy of Philosophy of Science (elected 2009)[ 38] Foreign Member,Chinese Academy of Sciences (elected 2011)[ 6] Foreign Member ,Russian Academy of Sciences (elected 2016)[ 39] Elected to a four-year term in the presidential line, theAmerican Physical Society (2016–2020)[ 40] Selected publications [ edit ] Journal articles
Technical reports
Wilczek, F. and D. J. Gross. "Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I ,"National Accelerator Laboratory ,Princeton University ,United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency theAtomic Energy Commission ), (July 1973). Gross, D. J. and S. B. Treiman. "Hadronic Form Factors in Asymptotically Free Field Theories ,"Princeton University ,United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency theAtomic Energy Commission ), (1974). Callan, C. G. Jr., Dashen, R. and D. J. Gross. "Instantons and Massless Fermions in Two Dimensions ,"Princeton University ,United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency theEnergy Research and Development Administration ), (May 1977). Gross, D. J. "Some New/Old Approaches to QCD ,"Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ,United States Department of Energy ,National Science Foundation , (November 1992). ^a b c "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004" .NobelPrize.org . Retrieved20 January 2021 .^ "UC Santa Barbara, David Gross" .Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved30 April 2021 .^ "In Depth: David Gross | The Kavli Foundation" .www.kavlifoundation.org . Archived fromthe original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved12 January 2021 .^ "People | Department of Physics - UC Santa Barbara" .physics.ucsb.edu . Retrieved20 January 2021 .^ "Members" .www.chapman.edu . Retrieved20 January 2021 .^a b "Foreign Members---Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" .english.casad.cas.cn . Retrieved9 February 2016 .^ https://nobel.anumuseum.org.il/en/persona/gross-david/ ^ String Theory, at 20, Explains It All (or Not) . NY Times (2004-12-07)^ ORCID."David Gross (0000-0002-1485-7107)" .orcid.org . Retrieved28 July 2021 . ^ "Harvard University. Department of Physics" .history.aip.org . Retrieved30 April 2021 .^ "David Gross | Department of Physics" .phy.princeton.edu . Retrieved12 January 2021 .^ "Humanism and Its Aspirations: Notable Signers" .American Humanist Association . Retrieved30 April 2021 .^ "A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates" (PDF) .^ "Mainau Declaration" .www.mainaudeclaration.org . Retrieved11 January 2018 .^ nobelprize.org ^ "J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics" .www.aps.org . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "David Gross" .www.macfound.org . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "ICTP - The Medallists" .www.ictp.it . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "Earlier Lectures - Oskar Klein Centre" .www.okc.albanova.se . Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved6 May 2021 .^ "Prize Winners – Harvey Prize | פרס הארווי" .harveypz.net.technion.ac.il . Retrieved30 April 2021 .^ "High Energy Particle Physics Board" .eps-hepp.web.cern.ch . Retrieved6 May 2021 .^ "La Grande Médaille 2004 de l'Académie des sciences attribuée au Prix Nobel de physique David J. Gross" (PDF) .cademie-sciences.fr . 5 October 2004.Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2021.^ "Nobel honours sub-atomic world" .BBC News . 5 October 2004. Retrieved19 February 2021 .^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" .www.achievement.org .American Academy of Achievement .^ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)" .www.uc.edu.kh . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "Awards - UMD Physics" .umdphysics.umd.edu . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "NICA First stone laying ceremony" .Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "International kudos" .EurekAlert! . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "Past Fellows" ,Sloan Research Fellows: Nobel prize winners , vol. Physics, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 1970, retrieved19 July 2021 ^ "APS Fellow Archive" .^ "David Jonathan Gross" . 14 December 2023.^ "David J. Gross" .^ "Elected Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science" .www.aaas.org . Retrieved6 May 2021 .^ Gross, David (2005)."Honorary Fellow" .Tata Institute of Fundamental Research .Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. ^ "APS Member History" .search.amphilsoc.org . Retrieved23 January 2021 .^ David, Gross (2007)."New Fellows, Indian Science Academy" (PDF) .Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. ^ "Gross, David" .TWAS . Retrieved22 January 2021 .^ "Membres - AIPS-AISR-PIIST" .www.lesacademies.net (in French). Retrieved23 January 2021 .^ "International kudos" .EurekAlert! . Retrieved19 July 2021 .^ "2019 APS President David Gross" .aps.org . Retrieved22 January 2021 .David Gross, on Google Scholar David J. Gross, Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 - includes Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2004, "The Discovery of Asymptotic Freedom and the Emergence of QCD"Nobel honours sub-atomic world , BBC, October 5, 2004ArXiv papers David J. Gross bio, American Institute of Physics Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP), University of California, Santa Barbara
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