Culhuacan was perhaps the first of thechinampa towns founded on the shores ofLake Xochimilco, with chinampas dating to 1100 C.E.[3][4]
From written records there is evidence that Culhuacan survived the fall ofTollan and maintained its prestige until the mid-14th century. According to theCrónica Mexicayotl, transcribed in 1609, in 1299, Culhuacan'stlatoani,Coxcoxtli, helped theTepanecs ofAzcapotzalco, the Xochimilca and other cities expel theMexica fromChapultepec.Coxcoxtli then gave the Mexica permission to settle in the barren land of Tizaapan, southwest of Chapultepec, and they became vassals of Culhuacan. The Mexica subsequently assimilated into Culhuacan's culture and their warriors provided mercenaries for its wars.
TheTenochtitlantlatoaniAcamapichtli was a grandson of Coxcoxtli. Nevertheless, in 1377Azcapotzalco subdued Culhuacán in large part with Aztec troops. In 1428, the Mexica tlatoaniItzcóatl helped to overthrow Azcapotzalco's hegemony, and accepted the title "Ruler of the Culhua".
^León-Portilla, Miguel and Sarah Cline, editors.Los Testamentos de Culhuacán: Vida y Muerte entre los Nahuas del México Central, siglo XVI. Transcripciones del náhuatl, traducciones al español e inglés. Edited with the collaboration of Juan Carlos Torres López. México: Universidad IberoamericanaISBN978-607-417-967-5
^Richard Blanton, "Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Ixtapalapa Peninsula Region, Mexico." PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1970.
^Richard Blanton, "Prehispanic Adaptation in the Ixtapalapa Region, Mexico"Science 1972; 175(4028):1317–26
Brenner, Anita.The Influence of Technique on the Decorative Style in the Domestic Pottery of Culhuacan, Mexico. Publicación de la Escuela Internacional de Arqueología y Etnología Americana 1931.
Cline, S.L. "Land Tenure and Land Inheritance in late Sixteenth-Century Culhuacan," inExplorations in Ethnohistory, H.R. Harvey and Hanns J. Prem, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1984.
Cline, S.L. "A Legal Process at the Local Level: Estate Division in Sixteenth-Century Mexico," inFive Centuries of Law and Politics in Central Mexico, Ronald Spores and Ross Hassig, editors. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology 1984, 30:39–53.
Cline, S.L.Colonial Culhuacan, 1580–1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.
Gallegos, Gonzalo. "Relación Geográfica de Culhuacan,"Revista Mexicana de Estudios Históricos 1(6)1927: 171–73.
Gorbea Trueba, José. "Primer libro de bautismos del ex-convento de Culhuacán, D.F." Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Boletín 6:3. n.d.
León-Portilla, Miguel. "El libro de testamentos indígenas de Culhuacán,"Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl, 1976, 12:11–31.
León-Portilla, Miguel and Sarah Cline, editors.Los Testamentos de Culhuacán: Vida y Muerte entre los Nahuas del México Central, siglo XVI. Transcripciones del náhuatl, traducciones al español e inglés. Edited with the collaboration of Juan Carlos Torres López. México: Universidad IberoamericanaISBN978-607-417-967-5 digital, open access publication[1]
Pohl, John M. D. 1991.Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec Armies. Osprey.
Prem, Hanns J. "Los reyes de Tollan y Colhuacan"Estudios de cultura náhuatl volume 30, (1999) pp.23–70
