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Legal drama, also calledcourtroom drama, is a genre of film and television that generally focuses on narratives regardinglegal practice and the justice system. TheAmerican Film Institute (AFI) defines "courtroom drama" as a genre of film in which a system of justice plays a critical role in the film's narrative.[1] Legal dramas have also followed the lives of the fictionalattorneys,defendants,plaintiffs, or other persons related to the practice of law present in television show or film. Legal drama is distinct frompolice crime drama ordetective fiction, which typically focus on police officers or detectives investigating and solving crimes. The focal point of legal dramas, more often, are events occurring within acourtroom, but may include any phases of legal procedure, such asjurydeliberations or work done atlaw firms. Some legal dramasfictionalize real cases that have been litigated, such as the play-turned-movie,Inherit the Wind, which fictionalized theScopes Monkey Trial. As a genre, the term "legal drama" is typically applied totelevision shows andfilms, whereaslegal thrillers typically refer to novels and plays.
Legal dramas typically portraymoral dilemmas that occur with the practice of thelaw or participating in the justice system, many of which mirrors dilemmas in real life. TheAmerican Bar Association Journal has interpreted the public's enjoyment of legal dramas occur because "stories about the legal system are laced with human vulnerability."[2] Indeed, even though "there are no car chases [and]... [g]uns are never drawn", legal dramas retain strong followings because of their presentation of moral intrigue in a setting that actually reflects what occurs in the world.
Legal dramas may present stories of themiscarriages of justice, such as persons wrongly convicted of a crime they did not commit. At times, stories may involve the moral implications ofpolice misconduct, such as placing ortampering with evidence, such as in the 1993 filmIn the Name of the Father. More often, legal dramas focus on the attorneys' point of view when faced with these difficulties. For instance, inThe Practice, a television legal drama series revolving around a firm of criminal defense attorneys, a common theme presented is the difficulty of defending clients known or believed to be guilty.[3]
Finally, many legal dramas present themes that reflect politicized issues. In the 1960 film,Inherit the Wind, the politicized issue portrayed was the legality of a Tennessee statute that made it unlawful to teach thetheory of evolution in a public school. As laws and public policy opinions change, so do the themes presented in legal dramas. The 1992 filmA Few Good Men explored the psychology ofsuperior orders, e.g. excusing criminal actions because they were only committed from 'following orders'. The filmPhiladelphia (1993) addressedhomophobia, and the discrimination and public fear of HIV/AIDs carriers. In 1996,The People vs. Larry Flynt portrays the early years ofHustler Magazine and issues of obscenity and freedom of speech.You Don't Know Jack (2010) is a fictional biographic film aboutDr. Jack Kevorkian and the legal actions he faced as a result of providingeuthanasia services to terminal patients.Racial injustice remains a common theme from as far back asTo Kill a Mockingbird in 1962 to the 2017 filmMarshall.
Legal drama in American film has an extensive history stemming from as early as the 1908 film,Falsely Accused![4] The 1950s and 1960s presented a number of legal drama films including,12 Angry Men (1957),Witness for the Prosecution (1957),I Want to Live! (1958),Anatomy of a Murder (1959),The Young Philadelphians (1959),Compulsion (1959),Inherit the Wind (1960),Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), andTo Kill a Mockingbird (1962). Arguably,12 Angry Men andTo Kill a Mockingbird stand as the cornerstones of early legal dramas, garnering extensive acclaim, recognition, and awards. Despite underwhelming box office performance,12 Angry Men was nominated in three different categories at the30th Academy Awards and appears on half of theAFI 100 Years... series lists of films, which celebrate the greatest films in American cinema. Likewise,To Kill a Mockingbird received even more acclaim, garnering three academy awards out of eight total nominations at the35th Academy Awards, appears on seven of the AFI's ten lists celebrating the greatest films, including ranking as the best courtroom drama, and selected for preservation United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Other countries also premiered legal dramas or courtrooms dramas in the early 1900s, such as the French silent filmThe Passion of Joan of Arc (1928).[5]
Other legal drama films have not focused on even the practice of law, such asPaper Chase, a film presenting the difficulty and anxiety of entering law school.[6]
Legal thriller films provide introspection into the life of a lawyer and legal professionals.
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Within films, the central character is often engaged in professional work and experiences an obstacle that they have to overcome such as a client's case.[7] The character confronts problems with their personal life and work, as it is under threat by the complex case, creating and series of action and courtroom battles.[7]
The problems that characters face are evident within reviews of films such asThe Judge, where family dynamics strain after a lawyer returns home for his mother's funeral.[8] Reviews from the New York Times comment on the film's transformation into a crime story, characteristic of the legal thriller. The film itself unfolds the legal thriller's ideal courtroom drama style. The film takes place in what is deemed as a "nostalgia-tinged town".[8] Further films such asThe Lincoln Lawyer have also met similar reviews from Roger Ebert, commenting on the love of three elements in the film: courtroom scene, old cars, and tangled criminals.[9] The 2019 film,Dark Waters raises an ethical dilemma of lawyers often choosing sides within films, as the defense lawyer has to switch sides to defend a poisoned community. He risks his future, community, and life by dealing with the case, characteristic of the legal thriller.[10]
The filmMangrove shows the inequalities and injustices prevalent through Britain's Caribbean history.Steve McQueen was the first black director of an Academy winning best picture with12 Years a Slave.[11] The five-part anthology, featuringMangrove as the first visualizes courtroom drama and heroism, characterizing the legal thriller genre.[11] McQueen made his film resemble a landmark of the civil rights trial against black activists.[12] The film uses the characteristics of the legal thriller genre through a powerhouse courtroom drama and focusing on racial justice.[13] The power divide between two opposing sides is intended to shape transformative victory, as audiences can learn about diversity.[13]
A Fall from Grace also features the challenge often taken by lawyers in legal thriller films.[14] For example, a young public defender has to handle the challenging case of a woman charged with murdering her husband. The film features elements of a conventional courtroom drama, such as the heroic lawyer, shady characters, and a law firm setting. Within the film, there areplot twist characteristics of the legal thriller genre.[14] Furthermore, the filmLaw has ample court scenes and features a character taking on the fight for justice.[15] The film defies the stereotypical expectations of women through featuring the main character as a woman who wants to speak openly about gang rape victimization.[15]
The recognition of injustice is another emerging aspect of legal thriller films.[16]Marshall is another example of a legal thriller film, where the lawyer is feature as the main character, traveling the country on behalf of theNAACP to defend black men who are accused of crimes.[17] The film features a courtroom scene where violence occurs in retrieving the confession of a client and the difficulty to obtain the truth. As a film review reveals, flashbacks are used as a key film technique to craft outrage.[18] The courtroom scenes are considered suspenseful and the setting of the 1940s shows a stage where people threw a facade with fake costumes and bright lights. Racism is exposed as a critical social justice issue explored where the truth demands a voice.[18]
Summaries:
| Year | Name | Language |
|---|---|---|
| 1959 | Anatomy of a Murder | English |
| 1985 | Jagged Edge | English |
| 1987 | Suspect | English |
| 1989 | True Believer[19] | English |
| 1990 | Presumed Innocent | English |
| 1990 | Mounam Sammadhan | Tamil |
| 1992 | A Few Good Men | English |
| 1993 | The Firm | English |
| 1993 | The Pelican Brief | English |
| 1993 | Guilty as Sin | English |
| 1994 | The Client | English |
| 1996 | Primal Fear | English |
| 1996 | A Time To Kill | English |
| 1997 | The Devil's Advocate | English |
| 1997 | The Rainmaker | English |
| 1998 | A Civil Action | English |
| 1998 | Shadow of Doubt | English |
| 2002 | High Crimes | English |
| 2003 | Runaway Jury | English |
| 2004 | Reversible Errors[20] | English |
| 2007 | Michael Clayton | English |
| 2007 | Fracture | English |
| 2009 | Beyond a Reasonable Doubt[21] | English |
| 2011 | The Lincoln Lawyer | English |
| 2013 | Silence | Malayalam |
| 2014 | The Judge | English |
| 2016 | Manithan | Tamil |
| 2017 | The Third Murder | Japanese |
| 2017 | Marshall | English |
| 2019 | Section 375 | Hindi |
| 2019 | Dark Waters | English |
| 2019 | Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil, and Vile | English |
| 2020 | Nabab LLB | Bangla |
| 2020 | A Fall from Grace | English |
| 2020 | The Trial of the Chicago 7 | English |
| 2020 | Law | Kannada |
| 2020 | Mangrove | English |
| 2020 | Worth | English |
| 2021 | Jai Bhim | Tamil |
Early American television programs considered legal dramas includePerry Mason,The Defenders,Judd, for the Defense,Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law,The Bold Ones: The Lawyers,Petrocelli, andMatlock. More recent examples of serious legal dramas areMurder One,The Practice,Law & Order,L.A. Law,The Good Wife andPearson.
The examples of legalcomedy dramas areAlly McBeal andBoston Legal, both of whichDavid E. Kelley created and produced, withSuits as one of the most popular legal drama during the 2010s.[citation needed]Better Call Saul also achieved popularity following its first season in 2015.[22]
Legal dramas are becoming more in demand from the public, more popular for many people to watch, and beginning to feature stronger female leads.[23]
It is widely believed by most practicing lawyers that legal dramas result in the general public having misconceptions about the legal process. Many of these misconceptions result from the desire to create an interesting story. For example, because conflict between parties make for an interesting story, legal dramas emphasize thetrial and ignore the fact that the vast majority ofcivil andcriminal cases in the United States are settled out of court.[24] Trials in legal dramas are often shown to be more emphatic by disregarding actual rules in trials that preventprejudicing defendants from juries.
Besides the actual practice of law, legal dramas may also misrepresent the character of lawyers in general. The lawyers in question fall under different variations, the character representations include the zealous heroic lawyers fighting to save their client's case, or putting criminals in jail, another is the sleazy distrustful attorney performing morally questionable acts to win the case, another may be the conflicted lawyer who is forced into a moral dilemma of having to defend a guilty client. These representations are not reflective of how lawyers act in real life as their job is to remain neutral to the law and ensure every person gets a fair and equal trial, regardless of their guilt.
Speaking at a screening of12 Angry Men during the 2010Fordham University Law School Film festival, USSupreme Court JusticeSonia Sotomayor stated that seeing12 Angry Men while she was in college influenced her decision to pursue a career in law. She was particularly inspired by immigrant Juror 11's monologue on his reverence for the American justice system. She also told the audience of law students that, as a lower-court judge, she would sometimes instruct juries to not follow the film's example, because most of the jurors' conclusions are based on speculation, not fact.[25] Sotomayor noted that events from the film such as entering a similar knife into the proceeding; performing outside research into the case matter in the first place; and ultimately the jury as a whole making broad, wide-ranging assumptions far beyond the scope of reasonable doubt would not be allowed in a real-life jury situation, and would in fact have yielded amistrial[26] (assuming, of course, that applicable law permitted the content of jury deliberations to be revealed).
