County Dublin (Irish:Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath[2] orContae Átha Cliath) is acounty inIreland, and holds its capital city,Dublin. It is located on the island's east coast, within theprovince ofLeinster. Until 1994, County Dublin (excluding the city) was a singlelocal government area; in that year, the county council was divided into three new administrative counties:Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown,Fingal andSouth Dublin. The three administrative counties together with Dublin City proper form a NUTS IIIstatistical region of Ireland (coded IE061).[3] County Dublin remains a single administrative unit for the purposes of the courts (including the Dublin County Sheriff, but excluding the bailiwick of the Dublin City Sheriff) and Dublin County combined with Dublin City forms the Judicial County of Dublin, including Dublin Circuit Court, the Dublin County Registrar and the Dublin Metropolitan District Court. Dublin also sees law enforcement (the Garda Dublin metropolitan division) and fire services (Dublin Fire Brigade) administered county-wide.
Dublin is Ireland'smost populous county, with a population of 1,458,154 as of 2022[update] – approximately 28% of the Republic of Ireland's total population.[4] Dublin city is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, as well as the largest city on the island ofIreland. Roughly 9 out of every 10 people in County Dublin lives within Dublin city and its suburbs.[5] Several sizeable towns that are considered separate from the city, such asRush,Donabate andBalbriggan, are located in the far north of the county.Swords, while separated from the city by agreen belt aroundDublin Airport, is considered asuburban commuter town and an emerging small city.[6]
Thethird smallest county by land area, Dublin is bordered byMeath to the west and north,Kildare to the west,Wicklow to the south and theIrish Sea to the east. The southern part of the county is dominated by theDublin Mountains, which rise to around 760 metres (2,500 ft) and contain numerous valleys, reservoirs and forests. The county's east coast is punctuated by several bays and inlets, includingRogerstown Estuary,Broadmeadow Estuary,Baldoyle Bay and most prominently,Dublin Bay. The northern section of the county, today known asFingal, varies enormously in character, from densely populated suburban towns of the city'scommuter belt to flat, fertile plains, which are some of the country's largest horticultural and agricultural hubs.
Dublin is the oldest county in Ireland, and was the first part of the island to beshired following theNorman invasion in the late 1100s. While it is no longer a local government area, Dublin retains a strong identity, and continues to be referred to as both a region and county interchangeably, including at government body level.[7][8]
County Dublin is named after the city of Dublin, which is ananglicisation of itsOld Norse nameDyflin. The city was founded in the 9th century AD byViking settlers who established theKingdom of Dublin. The Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical site known asDuiblinn, from whichDyflin took its name.Duiblinn derives from theMiddle Irish wordDu(i)blind (literally "Blackpool"),[9] fromdub[d̪ˠuβˠ] "black, dark" andlind[l̠ʲin̠ʲ(dʲ)] "pool", referring to a dark tidal pool. This tidal pool was located where theRiver Poddle entered theLiffey, to the rear ofDublin Castle.
In addition toDyflin, a Gaelic settlement known asÁth Cliath ('ford of hurdles')[11] was located further up the Liffey, near present-dayFather Mathew Bridge.Baile Átha Cliath means 'town of the hurdled ford', withÁth Cliath referring to afording point along the river. As withDuiblinn, an early Christian monastery was also located atÁth Cliath, on the site that is currently occupied by theWhitefriar Street Carmelite Church.
Dublin was the first county in Ireland to be shired after theNorman Conquest in the late 12th century. The Normans captured the Kingdom of Dublin from itsNorse-Gael rulers and the name was used as the basis for the county's officialAnglo-Norman (and laterEnglish) name. However, in Modern Irish the region was named after theGaelic settlement ofBaile Átha Cliath or simplyÁth Cliath. As a result, Dublin is one of four counties in Ireland with a different name origin for both Irish and English – the others beingWexford,Waterford, andWicklow, whose English names are also derived from Old Norse.
The earliest recorded inhabitants of present-day Dublin settled along the mouth of theRiver Liffey. The remains of five wooden fish traps were discovered nearSpencer Dock in 2007. These traps were designed to catch incoming fish at high tide and could be retrieved at low tide. Thin-bladed stone axes were used to craft the traps andradiocarbon dating places them in the LateMesolithic period (c. 6,100–5,700 BCE).[12]
TheVikings invaded the region in the mid-9th century AD and founded what would become the city of Dublin. Over time they mixed with the natives of the area, becomingNorse–Gaels. The Vikings raided across Ireland, Britain, France and Spain during this period and under their rule Dublin developed into the largest slave market inWestern Europe.[13] While the Vikings were formidable at sea, the superiority of Irish land forces soon became apparent, and the kingdom's Norse rulers were first exiled from the region as early as 902. Dublin was captured by theHigh King of Ireland,Máel Sechnaill II, in 980, who freed the kingdom's Gaelic slaves.[14] Dublin was again defeated by Máel Sechnaill in 988 and forced to acceptBrehon law and pay taxes to the High King.[15] Successive defeats at the hands ofBrian Boru in 999 and, most famously, at theBattle of Clontarf in 1014, relegated Dublin to the status of lesser kingdom.
In 1170, the oustedKing of Leinster,Diarmait Mac Murchada, and his Norman allies agreed to capture Dublin at a war council inWaterford. They evaded the intercepting army of High KingRuaidrí Ua Conchobair by marching through theWicklow Mountains, arriving outside the walls of Dublin in late September.[16] The King of Dublin,Ascall mac Ragnaill, met with Mac Murchada for negotiations; however, while talks were ongoing, the Normans, led byde Cogan andFitzGerald, stormed Dublin and overwhelmed its defenders, forcing mac Ragnaill to flee to theNorthern Isles.[17] Separate attempts to retake Dublin were launched by both Ua Conchobair and mac Ragnaill in 1171, both of which were unsuccessful.
The authority over Ireland established by the Anglo-NormanKing Henry II was gradually lost during theGaelic resurgence from the 13th century onwards. English power diminished so significantly that by the early 16th century English laws and customs were restricted to a small area around Dublin known as "The Pale". TheEarl of Kildare's failed rebellion in 1535 reignitedTudor interest in Ireland, andHenry VIII proclaimed theKingdom of Ireland in 1542, with Dublin as its capital. Over the next 60 years theTudor conquest spread to every corner of the island, which was fully subdued by1603.
Despite harshpenal laws and unfavourable trade restrictions imposed upon Ireland, Dublin flourished in the 18th century. TheGeorgian buildings which still define much of Dublin's architectural landscape to this day were mostly built over a 50-year period spanning from about 1750 to 1800. Bodies such as theWide Streets Commission completely reshaped the city, demolishing most of medieval Dublin in the process.[18] During theEnlightenment, the penal laws were gradually repealed and members of theProtestant Ascendancy began to regard themselves as citizens of a distinct Irish nation.[19] TheIrish Patriot Party, led byHenry Grattan, agitated for greater autonomy fromGreat Britain, which was achieved under theConstitution of 1782. These freedoms proved short-lived, as theIrish Parliament was abolished under theActs of Union 1800 and Ireland was incorporated into theUnited Kingdom. Dublin lost its political status as a capital and went into a marked decline throughout the 19th century, leading to widespread demands torepeal the union.[20]
Although at one time thesecond city of the British Empire,[21] by the late 1800s Dublin was one of the poorest cities in Europe. The city had the worst housing conditions of anywhere in theUnited Kingdom, and overcrowding, disease and malnourishment were rife within central Dublin. In 1901,The Irish Times reported that the disease and mortality rates inCalcutta during the 1897bubonic plague outbreak compared "favourably with those of Dublin at the present moment".[22] Most of the upper and middle class residents of Dublin had moved to wealthier suburbs, and the grand Georgian homes of the 1700s were converted en masse into tenementslums. In 1911, over 20,000 families in Dublin were living in one-room tenements which they rented from wealthy landlords.[23]Henrietta Street was particularly infamous for the density of its tenements, with 845 people living on the street in 1911, including 19 families – totalling 109 people – living in just one house.[24]
After decades of political unrest, Ireland appeared to be on the brink of civil war as a result of theHome Rule Crisis. Despite being the centre ofIrish unionism outside ofUlster, Dublin was overwhelmingly in favour of Home Rule. Unionist parties had performed poorly in the county since the 1870s, leading contemporary historianW. E. H. Lecky to conclude that "Ulster unionism is the only form of Irish unionism that is likely to count as a serious political force".[25] Unlike their counterparts in the north, "southern unionists" were a clear minority in the rest of Ireland, and as such were much more willing to co-operate with theIrish Parliamentary Party (IPP) to avoidpartition. Following theAnglo-Irish Treaty, Belfast unionistDawson Bates decried the "effusive professions of loyalty and confidence in the Provisional Government" that was displayed by former unionists in the newIrish Free State.[26]
From the 1960s onwards, Dublin city greatly expanded due to urban renewal works and the construction of large suburbs such asTallaght,Coolock andBallymun, which resettled both the rural and urban poor of County Dublin in newer state-built accommodation.[28] Dublin was the driving force behind Ireland'sCeltic Tiger period, an era of rapid economic growth that started in the early 1990s. In stark contrast to the turn of the 20th century, Dublin entered the 21st century as one of Europe's richest cities, attracting immigrants and investment from all over the world.[29]
Dublin is thethird smallest of Ireland's 32 counties by area, and the largest in terms of population. It is the third-smallest of Leinster's 12 counties in size and the largest by population. Dublin shares a border with three counties –Meath to the north and west,Kildare to the west andWicklow to the south. To the east, Dublin has anIrish Sea coastline which stretches for 155 kilometres (96 mi).[30][31]
Dublin is a topographically varied region. The city centre is generally very low-lying, and many areas of coastal Dublin are at or near sea-level. In the south of the county, the topography rises steeply from sea-level at the coast to over 500 metres (1,600 ft) in just a few kilometres. This natural barrier has resulted in densely populated coastal settlements inDún Laoghaire–Rathdown and westward urban sprawl inSouth Dublin. In contrast,Fingal is generally rural in nature and much less densely populated than the rest of the county. Consequently, Fingal is significantly larger than the other three local authorities and covers about 49.5% of County Dublin's land area. Fingal is also perhaps the flattest region in Ireland, with the low-lyingNaul Hills rising to a maximum height of just 176 metres (577 ft).[32]
Dublin is bounded to the south by theWicklow Mountains. Where the mountains extend into County Dublin, they are known locally as the Dublin Mountains (Sléibhte Bhaile Átha Cliath).Kippure, on the Dublin–Wicklow border, is the county's highest mountain, at 757 metres (2,484 ft) above sea level. Crossed by theDublin Mountains Way, they are a popular amenity area, withTwo Rock,Three Rock,Tibradden,Ticknock,Montpelier Hill, andGlenasmole being among the most heavily foot-falled hiking destinations in Ireland. Forest cover extends to over 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) within the county, nearly all of which is located in the Dublin Mountains. With just 6.5% of Dublin under forest, it is the 6th least forested county in Ireland.[33]
Much of the county is drained by its three major rivers – theRiver Liffey, theRiver Tolka in north Dublin, and theRiver Dodder in south Dublin. The Liffey, at 132 kilometres (82 mi) in length, is the 8th longest river in Ireland, and rises nearTonduff in County Wicklow, reaching the Irish Sea at theDublin Docklands. The Liffey cuts through the centre of Dublin city, and the resultantNorthside–Southside divide is an often used social, economic and linguistic distinction. Notable inlets include the centralDublin Bay,Rogerstown Estuary, the estuary of the Broadmeadow and Killiney Bay, underKilliney Hill. Headlands includeHowth Head,Drumanagh and the Portraine Shore.[34] In terms ofbiodiversity, these estuarine and coastal regions are home to a wealth ecologically important areas. County Dublin contains 11EU-designatedSpecial Areas of Conservation (SACs) and 11Special Protection Areas (SPAs).[35]
The bedrock geology of Dublin consists primarily ofLower Carboniferous limestone, which underlies about two thirds of the entire county, stretching from Skerries toBooterstown. During the Lower Carboniferous (ca. 340 Mya), the area was part of a warm tropical sea inhabited by an abundance ofcorals,crinoids andbrachiopods. The oldest rocks in Dublin are theCambrian shales located on Howth Head, which were laid down ca. 500 Mya. Disruption following the closure of theIapetus Ocean approximately 400Mya resulted in the formation ofgranite.[36] This is now exposed at the surface from the Dublin Mountains to the coastal areas of Dún Laoghaire. 19th-centuryLead extraction and smelting at theBallycorus Leadmines caused widespreadlead poisoning, and the area was once nicknamed "Death Valley".[37]
Annual temperatures typically fall within a narrow range. InMerrion Square, the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 4.1 °C (39.4 °F), and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). Due to theurban heat island effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), similar toLondon andBerlin, and the lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) on 3 July 1974.[38][39] At Dublin Airport, the driest month is February with 48.8 mm (2 in) of rainfall, and the wettest month is November, with 79.0 mm (3 in) of rain on average.
As the prevailing wind direction in Ireland is from the south and west, the Wicklow Mountains create arain shadow over much of the county. Dublin's sheltered location makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast.Ringsend in the south of Dublin city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in). The wettest area of the county is theGlenasmole Valley, which receives 1,159 mm (46 in) of rainfall per year. As a temperate coastal county, snow is relatively uncommon in lowland areas; however, Dublin is particularly vulnerable to heavy snowfall on rare occasions where cold, dry easterly winds dominate during the winter.[40]
During the late summer and early autumn, Dublin can experience Atlantic storms, which bring strong winds and torrential rain to Ireland. Dublin was the county worst-affected byHurricane Charley in 1986. It caused severe flooding, especially along the River Dodder, and is reputed to be the worst flood event in Dublin's history. Rainfall records were shattered across the county. Kippure recorded 280 mm (11 in) of rain over a 24-hour period, the greatest daily rainfall total ever recorded in Ireland. The government allocatedIR£6,449,000 (equivalent to US$20.5 million in 2020) to repair the damage wrought by Charley.[41] The two reservoirs at Bohernabreena in the Dublin Mountains were upgraded in 2006 after a study into the impact of Hurricane Charley concluded that a slightly larger storm would have caused the reservoir dams to burst, which would have resulted in catastrophic damage and significant loss of life.
In contrast with theAtlantic Coast, the east coast of Ireland has relatively few islands. County Dublin has one of the highest concentrations of islands on the Irish east coast. Colt Island, St. Patrick's Island, Shenick Island and numerous smallerislets are clustered off the coast of Skerries, and are collectively known as the "Skerries Islands Natural Heritage Area". Further out liesRockabill, which is Dublin's most isolated island, at about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) offshore.Lambay Island, at 250 hectares (620 acres), is the largest island off Ireland's east coast and the easternmost point of County Dublin. Lambay supports one of the largest seabird colonies in Ireland and, curiously, also supports a population of non-nativeRed-necked wallabies.[42] To the south of Lambay lies a smaller island known asIreland's Eye – the result of a mistranslation of the island's Irish name by invadingVikings.
Bull Island is a man-made island lying roughly parallel to the shoreline which began to form following the construction of theBull Wall in 1825. The island is still growing and is currently 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long and 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) wide. In 1981, North Bull Island (Oileán an Tairbh Thuaidh) was designated as aUNESCO biosphere.[43]
Dublin's postal subdivisions after the implementation ofEircodes. They include the city's historic postal districts and the newer A and K Dublin codes.The baronies of County Dublin
For statistical purposes at European level, the county as a whole forms the Dublin Region – aNUTS III entity – which is in turn part of theEastern and Midland Region, a NUTS II entity. Each of the local authorities have representatives on the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly.
There are ten historicbaronies in the county.[44] While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they ceased to have any administrative function following theLocal Government Act 1898, and any changes to county boundaries after the mid-19th century are not reflected in their extent. The last boundary change of a barony in Dublin was in 1842, when the barony of Balrothery was divided into Balrothery East and Balrothery West. The largest recorded barony in Dublin in 1872 was Uppercross, at 39,032 acres (157.96 km2), and the smallest barony was Dublin, at 1,693 acres (6.85 km2).
Townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland. There are 1,090 townlands in Dublin, of which 88 are historic town boundaries. These town boundaries are registered as their own townlands and are much larger than rural townlands. The smallest rural townlands in Dublin are just 1 acre in size, most of which are offshore islands (Clare Rock Island, Lamb Island, Maiden Rock, Muglins, Thulla Island). The largest rural townland in Dublin is 2,797 acres (Caastlekelly). The average size of a townland in the county (excluding towns) is 205 acres.
Howth, formerly within the rural district of Dublin North, became an urban district in 1919.[47] Kingstown was renamed Dún Laoghaire in 1920.[48] The rural districts were abolished in 1930.[49]
Balbriggan, in the rural district of Balrothery, hadtown commissioners under the Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854. This became a town council in 2002.[50] In common with all town councils, it was abolished in 2014.
The urban districts were gradually absorbed by the city of Dublin, except for four coastal districts of Blackrock, Dalkey, Dún Laoghaire, and Killiney and Ballybrack, which formed theborough of Dún Laoghaire in 1930.[51]
The city ofDublin had been administered separately since the 13th century. Under theLocal Government (Ireland) Act 1898, the two areas were defined as the administrative county of Dublin and the county borough of Dublin, with the latter in the city area.
In 1985, County Dublin was divided into three electoral counties: Dublin–Belgard to the southwest (South Dublin from 1991), Dublin–Fingal to the north (Fingal from 1991), and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown to the southeast.[59][60][61]
On 1 January 1994, under theLocal Government (Dublin) Act 1993, the County Dublin ceased to exist as a local government area, and was succeeded by the counties ofDún Laoghaire–Rathdown,Fingal andSouth Dublin, each coterminous (with minor boundary adjustments) with the area of the corresponding electoral county.[62][63] In discussing the legislation,Avril DoyleTD said, "The Bill before us today effectively abolishes County Dublin, and as one born and bred in these parts of Ireland I find it rather strange that we in this House are abolishing County Dublin. I am not sure whether Dubliners realise that that is what we are about today, but in effect that is the case."[64]
Although theElectoral Commission should, as far as practicable, avoid breaching county boundaries when recommendingDáil constituencies, this does not include the boundaries of a city or the boundary between the three counties in Dublin.[65] There is also still asheriff appointed for County Dublin.[66]
For a period in 2020 during theCOVID-19 pandemic, to reduce person-to-person contact, government regulations restricted activity to "within the county in which the relevant residence is situated". Within the regulations, the local government areas of "Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, South Dublin and Dublin City" were deemed to be a single county (as were the city and the county of Cork, and the city and the county of Galway).[72]
The latestOrdnance Survey Ireland "Discovery Series" (Third Edition 2005) 1:50,000 map of the Dublin Region, Sheet 50, shows the boundaries of the city and three surrounding counties of the region. Extremities of the Dublin Region, in the north and south of the region, appear in other sheets of the series, 43 and 56 respectively.
Until 1 January 1994, the administrative county of Dublin was administered byDublin County Council. From that date, its functions were succeeded by Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, Fingal County Council and South Dublin County Council, each with itscounty seat, respectively administering the new counties established on that date.[73]
The city was previously designated a county borough and administered byDublin Corporation. Under theLocal Government Act 2001, the country was divided into local government areas of cities and counties, with the county borough of Dublin being designated a city for all purposes, now administered byDublin City Council. Eachlocal authority is responsible for certain localservices such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads andsocial housing.
Dublin, comprising the four local government areas in the county, is a strategic planning area within theEastern and Midland Regional Assembly (EMRA).[74][75] It is aNUTS Level IIIregion of Ireland. The region is one of eight regions of Ireland forEurostat statistics at NUTS 3 level.[76] Its NUTS code is IE061.
This area formerly came under the remit of the Dublin Regional Authority.[77] This Authority was dissolved in 2014.[78]
Dublin is the largest city in IrelandPopulation density map of County Dublin
As of the2022 census, the population of Dublin was 1,458,154, an 8.4% increase since the2016 Census. The county's population first surpassed 1 million in 1981, and is projected to reach 1.8 million by 2036.[89]
Dublin is Ireland'smost populous county, a position it has held since the 1926 Census, when it overtookCounty Antrim. As of 2022, County Dublin has over twice the population of County Antrim and two and a half times the population ofCounty Cork. Approximately 21% of Ireland's population lives within County Dublin (28% if only theRepublic of Ireland is counted). Additionally, Dublin has more people than the combined populations of Ireland's 16 smallest counties.
With an area of just 922 km2 (356 sq mi), Dublin is by far the most densely populated county in Ireland. The population density of the county is 1,582 people per square kilometre – over 7 times higher than Ireland's second most densely populated county,County Down in Northern Ireland.
During theCeltic Tiger period, a large number of Dublin natives (Dubliners) moved to the rapidly expanding commuter towns in the adjoining counties. As of 2022, approximately 27.2% (345,446) of Dubliners were living outside of County Dublin. People born within Dublin account for 28% of the population ofMeath, 32% ofKildare, and 37% ofWicklow. There are 922,744 Dublin natives living within the county, accounting for 63.3% of the population. People born in other Irish counties living within Dublin account for roughly 11% of the population.[90]
Between 2016 and 2022, international migration produced a net increase of 88,300 people. Dublin has the highest proportion of international residents of any county in Ireland, with around 25% of the county's population being born outside of theRepublic of Ireland.[91]
As of the 2022 census, 5.6 percent of the county's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 25.7 percent were between 5 and 25, 55.3 percent were between 25 and 65, and 13.4 percent of the population was older than 65. Of this latter group, 48,865 people (3.4 percent) were over the age of 80, more than doubling since 2016. Across all age groups, there were slightly more females (51.06 percent) than males (48.94 percent).[92]
In 2021, there were 16,596 births within the county, and the average age of a first time mother was 31.9.[93]
Over a quarter (25.2 percent) of County Dublin's population was born outside of the Republic of Ireland. In 2022, Dublin City had the highest percentage of non-nationals in the county (27.3 percent), and South Dublin had the lowest (20.9 percent).[94] Historically, the immigrant population of Dublin was mainly from theUnited Kingdom and otherEuropean Union member states. However, results from the 2022 census revealed that immigrants from non-EU/UK countries were the largest source of foreign-born residents for the first time, accounting for 12.9 percent of the county's population. Those from otherEuropean Union member states accounted for 8.3 percent of Dublin's population, and those from theUnited Kingdom a further 4.1 percent.[95]
Prior to the 2000s, the UK was consistently the largest single source of non-nationals living in Dublin. After declining in the previous two census periods, the number of UK-born residents living in Dublin increased by 5.8 percent between 2016 and 2022. There was a large difference between the number of people living in Dublin who were born in the UK (58,586) and those who held sole-UK citizenship in the 2022 census (22,936). This discrepancy can arise for a variety of factors, such as people born in Northern Ireland claimingIrish citizenship rather than UK citizenship, Irish people born in the UK who now live in Dublin, British people who have becomenatural citizens, and foreign residents of Dublin who were born in the UK but are not UK citizens. Depending on an individual's responses in the census, all of these examples could result in the country of birth being registered by the CSO as the United Kingdom, but nationality being registered as Irish or a third country.
Following itsaccession to the EU, the Polish quickly became the fastest growing immigrant community in Dublin. Just 188 Poles applied for Irish work permits in 1999. By 2006 this number had grown to 93,787.[96] After the2008 Irish economic downturn, as many as 3,000 Poles left Ireland each month. Despite this, Poles remain one of Dublin's largest foreign-born groups. In contrast to more recent arrivals, a large percentage of Dublin's Polish citizens (30.9 percent) also hold Irish citizenship.
Outside of Europe,Indians andBrazilians are the predominant foreign-national groups. As of 2022, Indians were the fastest growing major immigrant group in Dublin, and they are now the county's second largest foreign-born group after the UK. Dublin's Indian community grew by 155.2 percent between 2016 and 2022. There were 29,582 Indian-born residents within Dublin as of 2022, up from 9,884 in the2011 census.[98] The influx of Indians is driven in part by multinational tech companies such asMicrosoft,Google andMeta who have located their European headquarters within the county, in areas such as theSilicon Docks andSandyford. In August 2020, the first dedicated Hindu temple in Ireland was built inWalkinstown.[99]
The number of Brazilian citizens living in Dublin more than tripled between 2011 and 2022, from 4,641 to 16,441. This increase is mainly a result of Ireland's participation in the Brazilian government'sCiência sem Fronteiras programme, which sees thousands of Brazilian students come to study in Ireland each year, many of whom remain in the country afterwards.[100]
Although not fully captured during the census period, Dublin also houses a significant number ofUkrainian refugees under theTemporary Protection Directive. As of October 2023, the number of Ukrainians living in emergency accommodation within the county is estimated to be around 14,000.[101]
In terms of total numbers, Dublin has the largest non-white population in Ireland, with an estimated 158,653 residents, accounting for 11.1% of the county's population. Over two-fifths (42.2 percent) of Ireland's black residents live within the county. In terms of percentage of population, Fingal has the highest percentage of both black (3.6 percent) and non-white (12.4 percent) residents of any local authority in Ireland. Conversely, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown in the south of the county has one of Ireland's lowest percentages of black residents, with only 0.77% of the population identifying as black in 2022. Additionally, 43.3% of Ireland'smultiracial population lives within County Dublin. Those who did not state their ethnicity more than doubled between 2016 and 2022, from 4.1% to 8.5%.[102][103]
The largestreligious denomination by both number of adherents and as a percentage of Dublin's population in 2022 was the Roman Catholic Church, at 57.4 percent. All other Christian denominations includingChurch of Ireland,Eastern Orthodox,Presbyterian andMethodist accounted for 8.1 percent of Dublin's population. Together, all denominations of Christianity accounted for 65.5 percent of the county's population. According to the 2022 census, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown is the least religious local authority in Ireland, with 23.9 percent of the population declaring themselves non-religious, followed closely by Dublin city (22.6 percent). In the county as a whole, those unaffiliated with any religion represented 20.1 percent of the population, which is the largest percentage of non-religious people of any county in Ireland. A further 9.1 percent of the population did not state their religion, up from just 4.1 percent in 2016.
Of the non-Christian religions,Islam is the largest in terms of number of adherents, with Muslims accounting for 2.6% of the population. After Islam, the largest non-Christian religions in 2022 wereHinduism (1.4 percent) andBuddhism (0.27 percent). While relatively small in absolute terms, County Dublin contains over half of Ireland's Hindu (58.7 percent) residents, and just under half of its Eastern Orthodox (45.3 percent), Islamic (45.0 percent) and Buddhist (41.7 percent) residents.[104]
Dublin and its hinterland has been a Christiandiocese since 1028. For centuries, thePrimacy of Ireland was disputed between Dublin, the social and political capital of Ireland, andArmagh, site ofSaint Patrick's main church, which was founded in 445 AD. In 1353 the dispute was settled byPope Innocent VI, who proclaimed that theArchbishop of Dublin wasPrimate of Ireland, while theArchbishop of Armagh was titledPrimate of All Ireland. These two distinct titles were replicated in the Church of Ireland following theReformation. Historically, County Dublin was the epicentre ofProtestantism in Ireland outside ofUlster. Records from the1891 census show that the county was 21.4 percent Protestant towards the end of the 19th century. By the 1911 census this had gradually declined to around 20% due to poor economic conditions, as Dublin Protestants moved to industrialBelfast. Following theWar of Independence (1919–1921), Dublin's Protestant community went into a steady decline, falling to 8.5 percent of the population by 1936.[105]
Between 2016 and 2022, the fastest growing religions in Dublin were Hinduism (148.9 percent), Eastern Orthodox (51.6 percent), and Islam (27.9 percent), while the most rapidly declining religions wereEvangelicalism (−10.4 percent), Catholicism (−8.7 percent),Jehovah's Witnesses (−5.9 percent) and Buddhism (−5.4 percent).
The boundaries ofDublin City Council form the urban core of the city, often referred to as "Dublin city centre", an area of 117.8 square kilometres. This encompasses the central suburbs of the city, extending as far south asTerenure andDonnybrook; as far north asBallymun andDonaghmede; and as far west asBallyfermot. As of 2022, there were 592,713 people living within Dublin city centre. However, as the continuousbuilt-up area extends beyond the city boundaries, the term "Dublin city and suburbs" is commonly employed when referring to the actual extent of Dublin.
Dublin city and suburbs is a CSO-designated urban area which includes the densely populated contiguous built-up area which surrounds Dublin city centre. As of the 2022 census, Dublin city and suburbs encompassed 345 km2, expanding in size by 8.7 percent (or 27.5 km2) since the 2016 census. The population of Dublin city and suburbs grew from 1,173,179 in 2016 to 1,263,219 in 2022, an increase of 7.7 percent.[106]
Following the 2022 census, Dublin city and suburbs was designated a cross-county settlement for the first time, as the CSO included the Kribensis Manor housing development within the contiguous built-up area of the city. The houses are located in County Meath, along theR149 road between Hilltown and the village ofClonee.
Approximately 87% of County Dublin's population lives within Dublin city and suburbs as of the 2022 census. The remainder of the county covers roughly two thirds of Dublin's land area, but is home to just 196,140 people.[107]
As thecity proper does not extend beyondDublin Airport, nearby towns such as Swords, Donabate, Portmarnock and Malahide are not considered part of the city, and are recorded by the CSO as separate settlements. However, under Ireland's National Planning Framework, these towns are considered part of the Dublin Metropolitan Area Strategic Plan (MASP).[108] The MASP also includes towns outside of the county, such asNaas,Leixlip andMaynooth in County Kildare,Dunboyne in County Meath, andBray,Kilmacanogue andGreystones in County Wicklow, but does not include Balbriggan, Lusk, Rush or Skerries, which are located in the far north of County Dublin.[109]
TheGreater Dublin Area (GDA) is a commonly used planning jurisdiction which extends to the wider network of commuter towns that are economically connected to Dublin city. The GDA consists of County Dublin and its three neighboring counties,Kildare,Meath andWicklow.[110]
With a population of 2.1 million and an area of 6,986 square kilometres, it contains 40% of the population of the State, and covers 9.9% of its land area.
UnderCSO classification, an "urban area" is a town with a population greater than 1,500. Dublin is the most urbanised county in Ireland, with 98% of its residents residing in urban areas as of 2022. Of Dublin's three non-city local authorities, Fingal has the highest proportion of people living in rural areas (7.9%), while Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown has the lowest (1.19%). The western suburbs of Dublin city such asTallaght andBlanchardstown have experienced rapid growth in recent decades, and both areas have a population roughly equivalent toGalway city.
County Dublin has the oldest and most extensive transportation infrastructure in Ireland. TheDublin and Kingstown Railway, opened in December 1834, was Ireland's first railway line. The line, which ran fromWestland Row toDún Laoghaire, was originally intended to be used for cargo. However, it proved far more popular with passengers and became the world's first commuter railway line.[112] The line has been upgraded multiple times throughout its history and is still in use to this day, making it the oldest commuter railway route in the world.
Public transport in Dublin was managed by the Dublin Transportation Office until 2009, when it was replaced by theNational Transport Authority (NTA). The three pillars currently underpinning the public transport network of theGreater Dublin Area (GDA) areDublin Suburban Rail, theLuas and the bus system. There are sixcommuter lines in Dublin, which are managed byIarnród Éireann. Five of these lines serve as routes between Dublin and towns across the GDA and beyond. The sixth route, known asDublin Area Rapid Transit (DART), is electrified and serves only Dublin and northern Wicklow. The newest addition to Dublin's public transport network is atram system called the Luas. The service began with two disconnected lines in 2004,[113] with three extensions opened in 2009,[114] 2010[115] and 2011[116] before a cross-city link between the lines and further extension opened in 2017.[117]
Historically, Dublin had an extensivetram system which commenced in 1871 and at its peak had over 97 km (60 mi) of active line. It was operated by theDublin United Transport Company (DUTC) and was very advanced for its day, with near-full electrification from 1901. From the 1920s onwards, the DUTC began to acquire private bus operators and gradually closed some of its lines. Further declines in passenger numbers were driven in part by a belief at the time that trams were outdated and archaic. All tram lines terminated in 1949, except for the tram toHowth, which ran until 1959.
Example of a Dublin number plate
Dublin Bus is the county's largest bus operator, carrying 138 million passengers in 2019.[118] For much of the city, particularly west Dublin, the bus is the only public transport option available, and there are numerous smaller private bus companies in operation across County Dublin. National bus operatorBus Éireann provides long-distance routes to towns and villages located outside of Dublin city and its immediate hinterland.
In November 2005, the government announced a €34 billion initiative calledTransport 21 which included a substantial expansion to Dublin's transport network. The project was cancelled in May 2011 in the aftermath of the2008 recession. Consequently, by 2017 Hugh Creegan, deputy chief of the NTA, stated that there had been a "chronic underinvestment in public transport for more than a decade".[119] By 2019, Dublin was reportedly the 17th most congested city in the world, and had the 5th highest average commute time in the European Union.[120][121] The Luas and rail network regularly experience significant overcrowding and delays during peak hours, and in 2019 Iarnród Éireann was widely ridiculed for asking commuters to "stagger morning journeys" to alleviate the problem.[122]
TheM50 is a 45.5 km (28.3 mi) orbital motorway around Dublin city, and is the busiest motorway in the country. It serves as the centre of both Dublin and Ireland's motorway network, and most of thenational primary roads to other cities begin at the M50 and radiate outwards. The current route was built in various sections over the course of 27 years, from 1983 to 2010. All major roads in Ireland are managed byTransport Infrastructure Ireland (TII), which is headquartered in Parkgate Street, Dublin 8. As of 2019, there were over 550,000 cars registered in County Dublin, accounting for 25.3% of all cars registered in the State.[123] Due to the county's small area and high degree of urbanisation, there is a preference for "D" registeredused cars throughout Ireland, as they are considered to have undergone less wear and tear.[124]
For international travel, around 1.7 million passengers travel by ferry throughDublin Port each year.[125] A Dún Laoghaire toHolyhead ferry was formerly operated byStena Line, but the route was closed in 2015.Dublin Airport is Ireland's largest airport, and 32.9 million passengers passed through it in 2019, making it Europe's 12th-busiest airport.[126]
In 2020, average disposable income per person in Dublin was €27,686, or 118% of the national average (€23,400), the highest of any county in Ireland.[129] As Ireland's most populous county, Dublin has the highest total household income in the country, at an estimated €46.8 billion in 2017 – higher than theBorder,Midlands,West andSouth-East regions combined. Dublin residents were the highest per capita tax contributors in the State, returning a total of €15.1 billion in taxes in 2017.[130]
Many of Ireland's most prominent political, educational, cultural and media centres are concentrated south of theRiver Liffey in Dublin city. Further south, areas likeDún Laoghaire,Dalkey andKilliney have long been some of Dublin's most affluent areas, andDún Laoghaire–Rathdown consistently has the highest average house prices in Ireland. This has resulted in a perceived socio-economic divide in Dublin, between the generally less affluentNorthside and the wealthierSouthside. In Dublin (both city and county), residents will commonly refer to themselves as a "Northsider" or a "Southsider", and the division is often caricatured in Irish comedy, media and literature, for exampleRoss O'Carroll-Kelly andDamo and Ivor.[131] References to the divide have also becomecolloquialisms in their own right, such as "D4" (referring to theDublin 4 postal district), which is a pejorative term for an upper middle class Irish person.[132]
Utilising CSO data from the past three censuses, Pobal HP revealed that there was a much higher concentration of below average, disadvantaged and very disadvantaged areas in west Dublin.[133] In 2012,Irish Times columnistFintan O'Toole posited that the real economic divide in Dublin was not north–south, but east–west – between the older coastal areas of eastern Dublin and the newer sprawling suburbs of western Dublin – and that the perpetuation of the northside–southside "myth" was a convenient way to gloss overclass division within the county. O'Toole argued that framing the city's wealth divide as a light-hearted north–south stereotype was easier than having to address the socio-economic impacts of deliberate government policy toremove working-class people from the city centre and settle them on the margins.[134]
Dublin is both a European and Global financial hub, and around 200 of the world's leading financial services firms have operations within the county. In 2017 and 2018 respectively, Dublin was ranked 5th in Europe and 31st globally in theGlobal Financial Centres Index (GFCI).[135][136] In the mid-1980s, parts of central Dublin had fallen into a state of dereliction and the Irish government pursued an urban regeneration programme. An 11-hectarespecial economic zone (SEZ) was set up in 1987, known as theInternational Financial Services Centre (IFSC). At the time of its establishment, the SEZ had the lowest corporate tax rate in the EU. The IFSC has since expanded into a 37.8-hectare site centred around theDublin Docklands. As of 2020, over €1.8 trillion of funds are administered from Ireland.[137]
There was renewed interest in Dublin's financial services sector in the wake of the UK's vote towithdraw from the European Union in 2016. Many firms, includingBarclays andBank of America, pre-emptively moved some of their operations fromLondon to Dublin in anticipation of restricted EU market access.[138] A survey conducted byErnst & Young in 2021 found that Dublin was the most popular destination for firms in the UK considering relocating to the EU, ahead ofLuxembourg andFrankfurt.[139] It is estimated that Dublin's financial sector will grow by about 25% as a direct result of Brexit, and as many as 13,000 jobs could move from the UK to County Dublin in the years immediately after its withdrawal.[140]
The economy of Dublin benefits from substantial amounts of both indigenous and foreign investment. In 2018, theFinancial Times ranked Dublin the most attractive large city in the world forForeign Direct Investment, and the city has been consistently ranked byForbes as one of the world's most business-friendly.[141][142] The economy is centered onfinancial services, thepharmaceuticals andbiotechnology industries,information technology, logistics and storage, professional services, agriculture and tourism.IDA Ireland, the state agency responsible for attracting foreign direct investment, was founded in Dublin in 1949.
Dublin has four power plants, all of which are concentrated in the docklands area of Dublin city. Three are natural-gas plants operated by theESB, and thePoolbeg Incinerator is operated byCovanta Energy. The four plants have a combined capacity of 1.039 GW, roughly 12.5% of the island of Ireland's generation capacity as of 2019.[143] The disusedPoolbeg chimneys are the tallest structures in the county, and were granted protection by Dublin city council in 2014.[144]
As a result of Dublin city's location within a sheltered bay at the mouth of a navigable river, shipping has been a key industry in the county since medieval times. By the 18th-century, Dublin was a bustling maritime city and large-scale engineering projects were undertaken to enhance the port's capacity, such as theGreat South Wall, which was the largestsea wall in the world at the time of its construction in 1715.[145]Dublin Port was originally located along the Liffey, but gradually moved towards the coast over the centuries as vessel size increased. It is today the largest and busiest port in Ireland. It handles 50% of the Republic of Ireland's trade, and receives 60% of all vessel arrivals.[146]
Dublin Port occupies an area of 259 hectares (640 acres) in one of the most expensive places in the country, with an estimated price per acre of around €10 million. Since the 2000s, there have been calls to relocate Dublin Port out of the city and free up its land for residential and commercial development. This was first proposed by theProgressive Democrats at the height of the Celtic Tiger in 2006, who valued the land at between €25 and €30 billion, although nothing became of this proposal. During the housing crisis of the late 2010s the idea again began to attract supporters, among them economistDavid McWilliams.[147] Currently, there are no official plans to move the port elsewhere, and theDublin Port Company strongly opposes relocation.[148]
County Dublin receives by far the most overseas tourists of any county in Ireland. This is primarily due to Dublin city's status as Ireland's largest city and its transportation hub. Dublin is also Ireland's most popular destination for domestic tourists. According toFáilte Ireland, in 2017 Dublin received nearly 6 million overseas tourists, and just under 1.5 million domestic tourists. Most of Ireland's international flights transit throughDublin Airport, and the vast majority of passenger ferry arrivals dock at Dublin Port. In 2019, the port also facilitated 158 cruise ship arrivals.[149] The tourism industry in the county is worth approximately €2.3 billion per year.[150]
Fingal is Dublin's agricultural heartlandCommercial forestry plantation in the Dublin Mountains
Despite having the smallest farmed area of any county, Dublin is one of Ireland's major agricultural producers. Dublin is the largest producer of fruit and vegetables in Ireland, the third largest producer of oilseed rape and has the fifth largestfishing industry. Fingal alone produces 55% of Ireland's fresh produce, including soft fruits and berries, apples, lettuces, peppers, asparagus, potatoes, onions, and carrots. As of 2020, theIrish Farmers' Association estimates that the total value of Dublin's agricultural produce is €205 million.[152] According to the CSO, fish landings in the county are worth a further €20 million.[153]
Approximately 41% of the county's land area (38,576 ha) is farmed. Of this, 12,578 ha (31,081 acres) is undertillage, the 9th highest in the country, and 6,500 ha (16,062 acres) is dedicated to fruit & horticulture, the 4th highest. Rural County Dublin is considered a peri-urban region, where an urban environment transitions into a rural one. Due to the growth of Dublin city and its commuter towns in the north of the county, the region is considered to be under significant pressure fromurban sprawl. Between 1991 and 2010, the amount of agricultural land within the county decreased by 22.9%. In 2015, the local authorities of Fingal, South Dublin and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown developed a joint Dublin Rural Local Development Strategy aimed at enhancing the region's agricultural output, while also managing and minimising the impact of urbanisation on biodiversity and the identity and culture of rural Dublin.[154]
The county has a small forestry industry that is based almost entirely in the upland areas of south County Dublin. According to the 2017 National Forestry Inventory, 6,011 ha (14,854 acres) of the county was under forest, of which 1,912 ha (4,725 acres) was private forestry.[155] The majority of Dublin's forests are owned by the national forestry company,Coillte. In the absence of increased private planting, the county's commercial timber capacity is expected to decrease in the coming decades, as Coillte intends to convert much of their holdings in theDublin Mountains into non-commercial mixed forests.[156]
Dublin has 810 individual farms with an average size of 47.6 ha (118 acres), the largest average farm size of any county in Ireland. Roughly 9,400 people within the county are directly employed in either agriculture or the food and drink processing industry. Numerous Irish and multinational food and drink companies are either based in Dublin or have facilities within the county, includingMondelez,Coca-Cola,Mars,Diageo,Kellogg's,Danone,Ornua,Pernod Ricard andGlanbia. In 1954,Tayto Crisps were established inCoolock and developed into cultural phenomenon throughout much of the Republic of Ireland.[157] Its operations and headquarters have since moved to neighbouringCounty Meath. Another popular crisp brand, Keogh's, are based inOldtown, Fingal.[158]
In Ireland, spending on education is controlled by the government and the allocation of funds is decided each year in the annual budget. Local authorities retain limited responsibilities such as funding for school meals, service supports costs and the upkeep of libraries.
There are hundreds of primary and secondary schools within County Dublin, most of which are English-language schools. Several international schools are based in Dublin, such asSt Kilian's German School andLycée Français d'Irlande, which teach in foreign languages. There is also a large minority of students attendinggaelscoileanna (Irish-language primary schools). There are 34 gaelscoileanna and 10gaelcholáistí (Irish-language secondary schools) in the county, with a total of 12,950 students as of 2018.[159] In terms of college acceptance rates, gaelcholáistí are consistently the best performing schools in Dublin, and among the best performing in Ireland.[160]
Although the government pays for a large majority of school costs, including teachers' salaries, the Roman Catholic Church is the largest owner of schools in Dublin, and preference is given to Catholic students over non-Catholic students in oversubscribed areas.[161] This has resulted in a growing movement towards non-denominational andco-educational schools in the county.[162]
As of 2023–24, four of Dublin's third level institutions are listed in the Top 500 of either theTimes Higher Education Rankings or theQS World Rankings, placing them amongst the top 5% of all third level institutions in the world. TCD (81), UCD (171) and DCU (436) are within the Top 500 of the QS rankings; and TCD (161), RCSI (201–250), UCD (201–250) and DCU (451–500) and are within the Top 500 of the Times rankings. Newly amalgamated TUD also placed within the world's Top 1,000 universities in the QS rankings, and within the Top 500 for Engineering and Electronics.[164][165]
County Dublin has four public universities, as well as numerous other colleges, institutes of technology and institutes of further education. Several of Dublin's largest third level institutions and their associated abbreviations are listed below:
The firstIrish Parliament convened in the small village ofCastledermot,County Kildare on 18 June 1264. Representatives from seven constituencies were present, one of which was the constituency ofDublin City.[167] Dublin was historically represented in theIrish House of Commons through the constituencies ofDublin City andCounty Dublin. Three smaller constituencies had been created by the 17th century:Swords; which was created sometime between 1560 and 1585, with Walter Fitzsimons and Thomas Taylor being its first recordedMPs;Newcastle in the west of the county, created in 1613; andDublin University, which was auniversity constituency covering Trinity College, also created in 1613.[168] While proceedings of the Irish Parliament were well-documented, many of the records from this time were lost during theshelling of the Four Courts in July 1922.[169]
Following theActs of Union 1800, Dublin was represented inWestminster through three constituencies from 1801 to 1885:Dublin City,County Dublin and theDublin University. A series of local government and electoral reforms in the late 19th century radically alerted the county's political map, and by 1918 there were twelve constituencies within County Dublin.[170]
Throughout the twentieth century the representation in Dublin expanded as the population grew. In theElectoral Act 1923, the first division of constituencies arranged by Irish legislation, geographical constituencies in Dublin were 23 of the 147 TDs in geographical constituencies;[171] this contrasts with 45 of 160 at the most recent division.[172]
The president resides inÁras an Uachtaráin inPhoenix Park, a stately ranger's lodge built in 1757. The house was bought bythe Crown in 1780 to be used as the summer residence of theLord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Britishviceroy in theKingdom of Ireland. Following independence, the lodge was earmarked as the potential home of theGovernor-General, but this was highly controversial as it symbolised continued British rule over Ireland, so it was left empty for many years. PresidentDouglas Hyde "temporarily" occupied the building in 1938, as TaoiseachÉamon de Valera intended to demolish it and build a more modest presidential bungalow on the site. Those plans were scrapped duringThe Emergency and the lodge became the president's permanent residence.[175]
Dublin is among the most socially liberal places in Ireland, and popular sentiment on issues such asLGBT rights,abortion and divorce has often foreran the rest of the island. Referendums held on these issues have consistently received much stronger support within Dublin, particularly the south of the county, than the majority of the country.[177] While over 66% of voters nationally voted in favour of theEighth Amendment in 1983, 58% of voters inDún Laoghaire and 55% inDublin South voted against it. In 2018, over 75.5% of voters in County Dublin voted torepeal the amendment, compared with 66.4% nationally.
In 1987, Dublin SenatorDavid Norris took the Irish government to theEuropean Court of Human Rights (seeNorris v. Ireland) over the criminalisation of homosexual acts. In 1988, the Court ruled that the law criminalising same sex activities was contrary to theEuropean Convention on Human Rights, in particular Article 8 which protects the right to respect for private life. The law was held to infringe on the right of adults to engage in acts of their own choice.[178] This led directly to the repeal of the law in 1993. Numerous LGBT events and venues are now located within the county.Dublin Pride is an annualpride parade held on the last Saturday of June and is Ireland's largest public LGBT event. In 2018, an estimated 60,000 people attended.[179] During the2015 vote to allow same-sex marriage, 71% of County Dublin voted in favour, compared with 62% nationally.
In general, the south-eastern coastal regions of the county such as Dún Laoghaire and Dublin Bay South are a stronghold for theliberal-conservativeFine Gael party.[180] Since the late-2000s theGreen Party has also developed a strong support base in these areas. Thedemocratic socialistSinn Féin party generally performs well in south-central and west Dublin, in areas like Tallaght andCrumlin. In recent elections Sinn Féin have increasingly taken votes in traditionalLabour Party areas, whose support has been on the decline since2016.[181] As a result of the economic crisis,centre-rightFianna Fáil failed to gain a single seat in Dublin in the2011 general election. This was a first for the long-time dominant party of Irish politics.[182] The party regained a footing in 7 of the 11 Dublin constituencies in 2020, and were also the largest party in Dublin City, Fingal and South Dublin in the2019 local elections.
Dublin is adual county inGaelic games, and it competes at a similar level in bothhurling/camogie andGaelic football. TheDublin county board is the governing body for Gaelic games within the county. The county's current GAA crest, adopted in 2004, represents Dublin's four constituent areas. The castle represents Dublin city, theraven represents Fingal, the Viking longboat represents Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown and thebook of Saint Tamhlacht in the centre represents South Dublin.[183]
Rugby Union is the county's third most popular sport, after Gaelic games and football.Leinster Rugby play their competitive home games in theRDS Arena & theAviva Stadium.Donnybrook Stadium hosts Leinster's friendlies and A games, as well as the Ireland A and Women's teams, Leinster Schools and Youths and the home club games ofAll Ireland League sidesOld Wesley andBective Rangers. County Dublin is home to 13 of the senior rugby union clubs in Ireland, including 5 of the 10 sides in the top division 1A.[189]
Most of the area can receive the five main UK television channels as well as the main Irish channels, along with Sky TV andVirgin Media Ireland cable television.
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