A Jewishconsistory (orConsistoire in French; see conventional meanings:consistory in Wiktionary) was a body governing theJewish congregations of a province or of a country; also the district administered by the consistory.
Napoleon Bonaparte established the first central Jewish consistory in France, and ordered regional ones to be set up in turn. The politicalemancipation of the Jews required the creation of a representative body that could transact official business with a government in the name of the Jews. The Jews in countries under French influence during the Napoleonic period often also established consistories. In addition, in this period, the educated classes desired religious reform and supported the creation of a body vested with authority to render religious decisions.
Napoleon I established the first Jewish consistory. In 1806 he convened the Assembly of Jewish Notables, whose resolutions were confirmed by a subsequently convenedGrand Sanhedrin. By decree of March 17, 1808, he organized a consistory. According to this decree, everydepartment containing 2,000 Jews might establish a consistory. Departments having fewer than this number might combine with others; but no department had more than one consistory. Above these provincial consistories, there was acentral consistory. Every consistory consisted of a grand rabbi, with another rabbi where possible, and three lay members, two of whom were residents of the town where the consistory sat. They were elected by twenty-five "notables," who were nominated by the French authorities.
Thus Israelite French consistories were, like theirProtestant namesakes, parastatal entities to represent these religious minorities to the administration, which in return used to control them. Eligible to become members of the consistory were Israelites who had reached the age of thirty years, who had never been bankrupt, nor practisedusury. The central consistory consisted of three grand rabbis and two lay members. Every year one grand rabbi retired, and the remaining members elected his successor.
Napoleon demanded that the consistories should ensure that resolutions passed by the Assembly of Notables and confirmed by the Sanhedrin should be enforced by the rabbis. He required the following: proper decorum should be maintained in the synagogue; Jews should take up mechanical trades (to replace usury); and the leaders should ensure that no young men evaded military service. The central consistory watched over the consistories of the various departments, and had the right to appoint the rabbis.
Napoleon's administration introduced the concept of the consistory to the various countries which were under the sway of France during his era and where Jews had been emancipated, such asBelgium (French-annexed from 1794 to 1814), and theclient states ofHolland andWestphalia. Napoleon's youngest brother,Jérôme Bonaparte, ruled over Westphalia, where he established theRoyal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites [he] by decree of March 31, 1808. It was composed of a president (who could be either a rabbi or a layman), three rabbis, two lay members, and one secretary. Consistorial PresidentIsrael Jacobson was largely responsible for establishing this, as he hoped to use it to introduce his own ideas about Reform Judaism, including organs in the synagogue and the covering of coffins with flowers.[1] The consistory ordered the introduction of confirmation for Jewish youths and removed the prohibition against consumption of leguminous plants onPassover.
With the exception of the consistory in Belgium, none of these organizations survived the Napoleonic era. Counter-revolutions in the countries formerly under French influence resulted in governments re-establishing discriminatory laws against the Jews.
During the middle of the nineteenth century, various Jewish communities worked to introduce either a consistory or a synod which should, by an authoritative vote, settle the difficulties which arose when the demands of the time came into conflict with the traditional Halakah law. Some members of the Jewish communities wanted reform, but others resisted change. None of these attempts was successful.
Since Napoleon's 1808 decree, the Consistory in France has changed. Members changed the method of electing the delegates, and dropped provisions assigning the rabbis secondary roles as government informers. In the later 19th century,Louis Philippe (May 25, 1844) andNapoleon III (June 15, 1850, and August 29, 1862) made significant changes.
In 1871 the ambits of the three consistories inColmar,Metz andStrasbourg became part ofAlsace-Lorraine outside the supervision of the Central Consistory. They were not under any other common umbrella. However, the three consistories remained concordatory religious bodies and were entitled to nominate together one representative for the upper house of the parliament of Alsace-Lorraine, as did other recognised religious bodies. After French defeat in theFranco-Prussian War, Alsace-Lorraine was ceded toGermany.
The French law of December 12, 1872, introduced the system ofuniversal suffrage in elections of the consistories. In the beginning of the 20th century, there were twelve consistories: Paris, Nancy, Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseilles, Bayonne, Epinal, Lille, Besançon, Algier, Constantine, and Oran. Each has the grand rabbi of the consistorial district and six lay members, with a secretary. Each consistory has a representative in theCentral Consistory, which is composed of twelve members and the Grand Rabbi of France; its seat is in Paris.
By the1905 French law on the Separation of Religions and the State, the Israelite consistories in France lost their status asétablissements publics du culte (public-law corporations ofcult). With the defeat of Germany in World War I, in 1919 the three Israelite consistories in Alsace-Moselle returned to French jurisdiction. Their concordatory status has since been preserved in what is now called thelocal law in Alsace-Moselle. They retain their status as parastatal entities.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Gotthard Deutsch (1901–1906)."Consistory". InSinger, Isidore; et al. (eds.).The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.