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Coal in Europeis a term describing the use of coal as anenergy source in Europe, including boththermal coal used forpower generation andcoking coal used forsteel production.
Coal power generation in theEuropean Union (EU) has decreased by almost one-third since 2012, consistent with their commitment to reduceCO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieveclimate neutrality by 2050. Thesedecarbonisation efforts have prioritized a transition away from coal in favor ofrenewable energy andcarbon capture technologies, which has led to the close of mines and power plants in EU coal regions.[2] In 2023, fuel made from coal constituted 13% of the EU's electricity generation.[3]
Despite a 4.3% increase in the EU's coal consumption in 2022 alongside an all-time high globally, theInternational Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that the demand for coal would decrease in the majority of advanced economies in 2023 with any subsequent rise unlikely to occur again.[4] The largest declines in consumption are anticipated in the EU and the United States with a reduction of around 20% in 2023.[5]
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According to theInternational Energy Agency, the EU28 countries' use of coal as fuel decreased from 5,289 terawatt hours (TWh) in 1990 to 3,057 TWh in 2015, a reduction of 42%. During the same period, global coal use increased by 73%.[6][7]
| Year | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy use | 5289 | 4246 | 3735 | 3702 | 3293 | 3057 |
Coal types includeanthracite,bituminous coal,lignite, andpeat. Coal from fields differ in ash and moisture content, energy value, volatile elements, sulphur content, and other properties. Anthracite and bituminous coal are of relatively high value compared to lignite and peat, which have lower energy and higher moisture content. Coal is often used in the iron and steel industries or to produce energy.
Russia (365Mt), Germany (176 Mt), and Poland (131 Mt) are the largest producers of coal in Europe as of 2016. The largest net importer was Germany with 53 Mt, and the largest net exporter was Russia with 147 Mt.[8] The countries with the largest electricity production from coal in 2016 were Germany (284 TWh), Russia (159 TWh), and Poland (133 TWh).[9]
In 2020,think-tankCarbon Tracker estimated that over 80% of coal-fired plants were already more expensive than new renewable counterparts and that by 2025, they all would be.[10]
TheEuropean Commission launched the Coal Regions in Transition Initiative (CRiT) in 2017 to assist coal,peat, andoil shale regions in the EU during their transition to renewable energy sources. It is an initiative that provides a platform for dialogue among governments, businesses,trade unions,NGOs, and academia, promoting the exchange of knowledge and experiences. CRiT engages with related efforts and supports region-specific adaptations to the energy transition, such as in theWestern Balkans and Ukraine. In collaboration with the Just Transition Platform, CRiT aims to support communities transitioning away from carbon-intensive energy sources.[3]
Over the past decade,[clarification needed] coal emissions in the EU have decreased by 40%. This reduction aligns with the goals of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), which limitsgreenhouse gas emissions from industries in the EU. However, in 2022, the ten most polluting power plants in Europe were coal-based, primarily located in Poland and Germany. Together, their emissions were two-thirds of the total EU-ETS coal emissions. While Germany aims to phase out coal by 2030, Poland has not set a timeline for transitioning away from coal and has seen an increase in its share of EU-ETS coal power sector emissions.[11]
Germany has the highest number of coal plants in Europe, and its 53EU-ETS coal plants were responsible for over 180 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2022, making Germany the largest emitter in the EU. But Poland, despite emitting 60 million tonnes less than Germany and having 42EU-ETS member facilities[clarification needed], is the most coal-reliant of any EU nation. Coal comprises 70% of Poland's electricity generation compared to only 10% for Germany. Germany's commitment to transition away from fossil fuels and opposition tocoal subsidies is supported by its strong economy and government funding, but Poland faces economic hurdles, as itsGDP per capita is less than half of Germany's. Other coal-reliant nations like theCzech Republic and Bulgaria highlight the complexity of transitioning to renewable energy while ensuring economic stability andenergy security.[12]
In February 2024, the European Commission approved a €300 million Polish scheme to aid workers affected by the closure of coal- and lignite-fired power plants and mines. The scheme offers one-year severance payments and paid leave for employees nearing retirement. It aligns with EU State aid rules and supportsEU Green Deal objectives.[13]
Coal, the largest artificial contributor tocarbon dioxide emissions,[15] has been criticised for its detrimental effects on health. Coal has been linked toacid rain, smog pollution,respiratory diseases,mining accidents, reduced agricultural yields, andclimate change.[16] In response to this, proponents of coal advocate for the low cost of using coal for energy.
Newcoal pollution mitigation technology, which often refers tocarbon capture and storage, seeks to capture carbon dioxide from power plants and prevent it from entering the atmosphere by storing it. Proponents of this approach argue that it can effectively eliminate coal's contributions to climate change, while opponents doubt whether it can be accomplished on a large scale.[17]
The Dutch Research Institute CE Delft estimates that the worldwide "external costs," or hidden costs, of coal in 2007 were €360 billion, excluding the costs of accidents, mining damages, and any loss ofcultural heritage or human rights violations that occur as a result of coal production.[16] According to the IEA, the coal-based emissions in 1971–2008 were 303,262 Mt worldwide, 58,210 Mt (19.2%) inOECD Europe, and 5,086 Mt (1.7%) in non-OECD Europe.[a] The estimated external costs of coal carbon emissions in 2007 were €69 billion in OECD Europe and €6 billion in non-OECD Europe.[18]
On 20 June 2022, Dutch Climate and Energy MinisterRob Jetten announced that theNetherlands would remove all restrictions on the operation ofcoal-fired power stations until at least 2024 in response to Russia's refusal toexport natural gas to the country. Operations were previously limited to less than a third ofthe total production.[19]
Annual coal carbon emissions (2005–2008 average) were highest per capita in Europe in theCzech Republic (7.4 Mt),Kazakhstan (6.9 Mt),Poland (5.5 Mt),Finland (4.8 Mt),Serbia (4.5 Mt), andGermany (4.1 Mt).
| Rank | Country | Population | 1990 | 2000 | 2000–4 average | 2005–8 average | 2005–8 as % of 2000 | 2005–8 as % of 1990 | 2005–8 per capita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Russia | 141.8 | 687 | 441 | 427 | 421 | 95% | 61% | 3.0 |
| 2 | Germany | 82.1 | 505 | 337 | 342 | 337 | 100% | 67% | 4.1 |
| 3 | Poland | 38.1 | 287 | 217 | 211 | 210 | 97% | 73% | 5.5 |
| 4 | Ukraine | 46.3 | 283 | 116 | 127 | 139 | 120% | 49% | 3.0 |
| 5 | United Kingdom | 61.4 | 238 | 138 | 144 | 147 | 106% | 62% | 2.4 |
| 6 | Turkey | 71.1 | 58 | 89 | 80 | 105 | 118% | 181% | 1.5 |
| 7 | Kazakhstan | 15.7 | 153 | 80 | 90 | 108 | 135% | 71% | 6.9 |
| 8 | Czech Republic | 10.4 | 121 | 84 | 80 | 77 | 92% | 64% | 7.4 |
| 9 | Italy | 59.9 | 55 | 43 | 54 | 63 | 146% | 115% | 1.1 |
| 10 | Spain | 45.6 | 74 | 81 | 79 | 70 | 86% | 95% | 1.5 |
| 11 | France | 64.1 | 74 | 58 | 50 | 52 | 90% | 70% | 0.8 |
| 12 | Romania | 21.5 | 50 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 123% | 71% | 1.6 |
| 13 | Greece | 11.2 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 36 | 96% | 108% | 3.2 |
| 14 | Serbia | 7.4 | 41 | 35 | 37 | 33 | 94% | 79% | 4.5 |
| 15 | Bulgaria | 7.6 | 37 | 25 | 28 | 29 | 116% | 80% | 3.9 |
| 16 | Netherlands | 16.4 | 32 | 29 | 32 | 30 | 103% | 95% | 1.8 |
| 17 | Finland | 5.3 | 21 | 21 | 29 | 25 | 122% | 121% | 4.8 |
| 18 | Belgium | 10.7 | 39 | 29 | 23 | 18 | 61% | 45% | 1.6 |
| 19 | Denmark | 5.5 | 24 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 114% | 74% | 3.2 |
| 20 | Austria | 8.3 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 108% | 97% | 1.9 |
| Total of top 20 | 730.4 | 2,827 | 1,920 | 1,935 | 1,970 | 103% | 70% | 2.7 | |
| Top 20 countries and ranking are based on emissions in 2008. | |||||||||
