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Thecinema of Somalia refers to thefilm industry inSomalia. The earliest forms of public film display in the country were Italiannewsreels of key events during the colonial period. In 1937 the filmSentinels of Bronze (awarded in theVenice Film Festival) was produced inOgaden Somalia, with nearly all Somali actors.[1] Growing out of theSomali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of theSomali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known asriwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation ofvideo technology and national television networks. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to asSomaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques.
Storytelling is an ancient custom inSomali culture. Love of cinema in Somalia is but a modern, visual incarnation and continuation of this well-established oral tradition.
The earliest forms of public film display in Somalia were Italiannewsreels of key events during the colonial period inItalian Somaliland.[2] Examples of such works includeSomalia: Gheledi (1913),Somalia italiana (1913),Somalia: Le bellezze del fiume Nebi (1913),Sotto la Croce del Sud - Somalia Italiana (1926),Visioni della Somalia italiana (1929) andViaggio di S.M. il Re in Somalia (novembre-dicembre 1934) (1934).
In the 1930s and 1940s, early Somali actors and film technicians co-operated with Italian crews to domestically produce Fascist films.[2] Among the latter productions wereDub'aad andSentinels of Bronze.[2] The movieSentinels of Bronze (Sentinelle di bronzo[3]) was awarded in theFestival di Venezia of 1937 as the "Best Italian colonial Film", winning an Italian Cup.[4]
In the late 1950s there was some collaboration between Rome'sCinecitta and the first Somali directors. As a consequence, in 1963 Hajji Cagakombe's Miyi Iyo Magaalo ("The Countryside and the City" or "Town & Village"), a Somali-Italian co-production, was the country's first full-length feature film.
Following independence in 1960, a growing number of privately owned production and distribution companies as well as actual projection theaters sprang up.[2]
In 1961, one of the first Somali feature films to be released wasLove Does Not Know Obstacles by Hussein Mabrouk.[5]
During that same year, the Somali-Chinese collaborationThe Horn of Africa won the highest prize at the 4th International African Film Festival held annually inMogadishu, the nation's capital.[6]
The Somali director Hadj Mohamed Giumale ("Hajji Cagakombe") would produce the popular filmMiyo Iyo Magaalo ("Town and Village") a few years later.[2][7] In 1966, he and other Somali filmmakers also played an integral part in helping to establish the continent-wide Fédération Pan-Africaine des Cinéastes (FEPACI).[2]
In 1969, another long feature film titledPastoral and Urban Life was released by the director Mohammed Goma Ali.[5]
In 1973, Idriss Hassan Dirie directedDan Iyo Xarrago ("Reality & Myth").[7] An early full-length film, it was processed in the Technicolor studios inRome.[2]
Following a bloodless militarycoup d'état in 1969, the production, distribution and importation of films in the country werenationalized by the newly establishedSupreme Revolutionary Council.[2][5] Privately owned movie theaters were subsequently replaced with government-controlled film houses,[2] and about 500 films were projected annually.[5]
In 1975, theSomali Film Agency (SFA), the nation's filmregulatory body, was established. An adjunct to the federal Ministry of Information and National Guidance,[8] it grew out of the Ministry's visual aids arm.[9] The SFA's duties included overseeing the importation, distribution and censorship of movies in the country. It later also oversaw the production of both long and short films.[5][10][11] Most of the imported films were brought in fromEgypt,Italy, theSoviet Union andEast Germany. To facilitate processing and post-production, the SFA also forged a working partnership with British Films LTD, a British movie company.[2] From 1979 to 1983, the Somali film producer and directorAli Said Hassan served as the SFA's representative in Rome.
A new generation offilm directors,camera operators,cinematographers andsound engineers subsequently emerged, most having been trained in Egypt, Italy, the Soviet Union,West Germany, East Germany,India and theUnited Kingdom. Amongst the latter filmmakers were Abdi Ali Geedi, Hassan Mohamed Osman, Ibrahim Awad, Ibrahim "Cunshur", Fuad Abdulaziz, Cumar Cabdalla, Mohamed Fiqi and Muxiyadiin Qaliif.[2]
Between 1970 and 1982, over 30 short feature films, documentaries and newsreels were made. Produced on a weekly and monthly basis, they were processed mostly in Egypt and were referred to asSomaaliya oo Sawir'ah ("Somalia in the picture"). These short film productions were exhibited in 120 cinema halls throughout the country before the main attraction was projected.[2]
In the 1970s and early 1980s, popularmusicals referred to asriwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali film industry.
In 1983, the feature-length filmA Somali Dervish was released. Centering on the revolutionaryDervish State andDiiriye Guure's influential lead clergyman,Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (the "Mad Mullah").
In 1984, theSomali studies scholar Charles Geshekter producedThe Parching Winds of Somalia. Shot on location in Somalia, the film examines how the country'snomadic inhabitants managed to withstand the ravages of a harsh desert environment and the encroachment of imperial forces by synthesizing knowledge of the past,Muslim practices, and skillfullivestock management in a successful fusion of traditional values with modern techniques.[12][13]
In 1984-1985, the Somali playwright and filmmakerSaid Salah Ahmed directed his first feature film,The Somali Darwish (alt.The Somalia Dervishes), with Amar Sneh serving as producer.[14][15] With a budget of $1.8 million, the 4-hour-and-40-minute epic was devoted to the Dervish State. It was made in seven languages, namely Somali, Arabic, Italian, English, and three regional dialects. The movie included an actual descendant ofMohammed Abdullah Hassan as its star, and featured hundreds of actors and extras.[14]
In 1986, the first localshort feature film to be shot onvideo was released. TitledCiyaar Mood ("It is not a Joke"), it was directed by the filmmaker Abdurrahman Yusuf Cartan. Several renowned independent theater productions were later transposed to video by Muxiyadiin Qaliif Cabdi and various other young Somali directors.[2]
In 1987, Somali film director Abdulkadir Ahmed Said released a short film entitledGeedka nolosha orThe Tree of Life, which the following year earned the Prize of the City of Torino in theBest Film - International Short Film Competition category at theTorino International Festival of Young Cinema.[citation needed]
That same year, the inaugural Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Symposium (Mogpaafis) was held, bringing together an array of prominent filmmakers and movie experts from across the globe, including other parts of Northeast Africa and theArab world, as well asAsia andEurope. Held annually in Mogadishu, thefilm festival was organized by the Somali Film Agency.[16]
The establishment of national television networks during this period further fueled the growth of independent Somali productions, most shot on video. Having now obtained greater penetration of the domestic market, the focus then shifted from traditional film premieres in movie theaters to private projections. Consequently, fewer foreign films were imported into the country.[2]
In 1992, Abdulkadir Ahmed Said released the Somali-Italian co-productionLa Conchiglia (Aleel). Another environmentally conscious short film, it predicted the devastating effects that illegal toxic waste dumping by foreign vessels would have on local marine life and the fishermen who depended on it.[17][18]
In 2008, the Somali environmentalistFatima Jibrell wrote and co-produced the short filmCharcoal Traffic, which was directed by the filmmakerNathan Collett.[19] Shot on location in Somalia, it employs a fictional storyline to educate the public about the ecological damage that charcoal production can create.[citation needed][20]
In 2011, theAbu Dhabi Film Festival also launched the SANAD development and post-production fund for cineastes from the Arab world. With the goal of encouraging independent andauteur-based cinema, Somali filmmakers now have access to financial grants, screenwriting and pitch workshops, and personal meetings with industry mentors and experts.[21] In conjunction with the European Audiovisual Entrepreneurs (EAVE) professional training, networking and project development organization, theDubai International Film Festival also offers to Somali filmmakers the Interchange group of development and co-production workshops earmarked for directors, screenwriters and producers from the larger Arab region.[22]
A new generation of more entertainment-oriented movies coming from the Somali film industry has grown increasingly popular amongSomalis both within Somalia and in the diaspora. Referred to asSomaliwood, this upstart cinematic movement has energized the local movie scene, in the process introducing innovative storylines, production techniques and advertising strategies. The latter includecross-media marketing, withtie-in film soundtracks featuring prominentSomali music artists. Popular movies from Somaliwood include the Somali languageslasherthrillerXaaskayga Araweelo, theaction comedyRajo, andWarmooge, the first Somalianimated film. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.[23] In 2010, the Somali directorMo Ali also releasedShank, his first feature film set in a futuristic London.[24]
| Cinema of Somalia |
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| Somali Film Agency |
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