Thecinema of Libya has had an uneven history. Though there was little local film production inItalian Libya and theKingdom of Libya, cinema-going became a popular entertainment activity. From 1973 onwards,Muammar Gaddafi tried to exercise control over cinema. Though he encouraged some local filmmaking, his obstruction of foreign film consumption resulted in the closing of cinemas. In thepost-2011 instability in Libya, hopes for a resurgence of Libyan cinema combine with a lack of infrastructure.
The earliest recorded film to be made in Libya was a 1910 French-made documentary,Les habitants du desert de Lybie.[1] Italy, as a colonial power, made some short documentaries about Libya.[2] Libyan battles duringWorld War II were covered in British, German and Italiannewsreels. After the war, oil companies and international agencies made occasional documentaries.[1] After independence in 1951, theKingdom of Libya made some short films aboutLeptis Magna to encourage tourism. Yet Libya was poor and there was relatively little filmmaking in the country.[2] In 1959 the Ministry of News and Guildance established a cinema division, touring the country with 16mm documentaries and newsreels, and the Ministry of Education and Learning produced some educational films.[1]
Despite the relative lack of cinematic production, film consumption was extremely popular as entertainment. The country's first cinema had been established as early as 1908,[3] though it was reportedly demolished after theItalian invasion of Libya in 1911. The Italians established cinemas, mostly but not exclusively for Italian audiences, in Libya's major cities.[1] From the 1940s until the mid-1960s, Libya boasted a large number of cinemas: around 14[2] or 20[4] in Tripoli, and around 10 in Benghazi. Cinemas in Tripoli included the outdoor Arena Giardino and the opulent Royal Cinema, which Gaddafi would renameAl-Shaab (The People).[4]
Gaddafi came to power in 1969. He regarded foreign films with suspicion, regarding them as Americancultural imperialism. Previously the only feature films shot in Libya had been by foreign filmmakers – films likeAlbert Herman's 1942A Yank in Libya orGuy Green's 1958Sea of Sand.[1] The first Libyan feature film,Abdella Zarok's black-and-whiteWhen Fate Hardens /Destiny is Hard appeared in 1972.[2] In 1973 the General Council for Cinema was founded, to take control of filmmaking and cinema building in Libya. Foreign films were dubbed intoArabic, and needed to comply with the government's cultural policy, a mix of religious law and nationalism. Most home-made films were documentaries, andsocial realism was promoted as an ideal for fiction films.[1] The General Council for Cinema continued to operate until 2010. It made documentaries, around 20-25 short films, and helped support the few feature films that were made in the 1970s and 1980s.[2]
Gaddafi exercised direct personal control over film production. For example, he censored the release of a film byKasem Hwel,Searching for Layla al-‘Amiriya. Gaddafi established a production company to make Egyptian films. In the mid-1970s the government took increasingly direct control of all cinemas, blocking the importation of films, and cinemas began to close.[2]
Alongside Kuwait and Morocco, Gaddafi's government-sponsoredMustafa Akkad's controversial 1976 filmic account of the birth ofIslam,The Message. However, many Arab countries would not screen the film, and it triggered aNation of Islam siege of three office buildings inWashington, D.C.[5] Akkad'sLion of the Desert (1981), funded by Gaddafi's government, was a historical action movie portraying theBedouin leaderOmar Mukhtar resistance against theItalian colonization of Libya. The film was censored in Italy until 2009.[6]
In 2009 it was announced that Gaddafi's sonal-Saadi Gaddafi was financing private-equity production company involved in financingHollywood films likeThe Experiment (2010) andIsolation (2011).[1] In 2009–2010 foreign companies agreed to refurbish and re-open Libyan cinemas and theatres. However, the2011 revolution resulted in this work coming to a halt, and much of the equipment was stolen.[3]
After the fall of Gaddafi, there was widespread desire for Libyan film to re-assert itself. However, cinema's resurgence has been obstructed by fighting and Islamist objections. Young Libyan filmmakers started to make short films, with support from theBritish Council and theScottish Documentary Institute.[5] Film festivals in Tripoli andBenghazi were popular but targeted by Islamist militants.[7] The International Mediterranean Film Festival for Documentary and Short Films was established in 2012.[2] In 2013 a cinema club was discreetly established in the basement of a Tripoli art gallery.[7] By 2015 only a single movie house remained in Tripoli, a men-only venue servingaction movies to the militias controlling the city.[4]
In December 2017Erato Festival, a film festival forhuman rights films was launched inTripoli. It opened withAlmohannad Kalthoum's docudramaJasmine.[8]
