Chemoselectivity is the preferential reaction of a chemical reagent with one of two or more different functional groups.[1]
In a chemoselective system, areagent in the presence of analdehyde and anester would mostly target the aldehyde, even if it has the option to react with the ester. Chemoselectivity is an area of interest in chemistry because scientists want to recreate complex biological compounds, such asnatural products, and make specific modifications to them.[2]
Most chemical reactions bring together atoms that have negative charge character and atoms that have positive charge character.[3] When evaluating possible reaction outcomes, several factors should be considered. The most important being identifying where in the molecule has the mostelectron density and where has the least.[3] This analysis gives a good prediction of reactivity, but more factors such as connectivity,atomic orbital overlap,solvent effects, and the addition of supporting reagents can affect the reaction outcome.
If a molecule has several potential reactive sites, the reaction will occur in the most reactive one. When comparing carbon-halogen bonds, lighter halogens such as fluorine and chlorine have a better orbital overlap with carbon, which makes the bond stronger.[4] Bromine and iodine, on the other hand, are bigger and therefore can undergo chemical reactions more easily.
The reactivity ofcarbonyls can be ranked by evaluating how much electron density the neighbouring atoms donate to the carbonyl carbon.[3]Aldehydes are the most reactive because the hydrogen next to the carbon is small and only has one electron, and therefore does not provide steric or electronic shielding. By switching the hydrogen for a carbon group, making aketone, the carbonyl becomes less reactive since the carbon is bigger and has more electrons. The most stable carbonyls are the ones with atoms with lone pairs next to them, such asamides andesters.[4] Since the electrons are not participating in bonding, they are not as restricted and can readily donate to the carbon. Amides are less reactive than esters because oxygen is moreelectronegative than nitrogen and therefore it concentrates more of the electron density on itself.[3] Chemists take advantage of the stability of amides by using them asprotecting groups to shield sites that they don't want to react.[5]
Some reagents have higher affinity with specific functional groups, which can be used to direct reactivity. A famous example is theLuche Reduction, where anoxophilic metal makes the carbonyl of a conjugated ketone more reactive and directs thereducing agent.[6] On the other hand, copper organometallics have high affinity with carbon-carbon multiple bonds and are used forconjugate addition ofnucleophiles into a conjugated ketone.[7]
Different hydride reagents have different reactivity towards functional groups so they can be selected according to the desired outcome.[8] Examples include the greater relative chemoselectivity ofsodium borohydride versuslithium aluminium hydride for the organicreduction of 4-nitro-2-chlorobenzonitrile to the corresponding aniline, 4-amino-2-chlorobenzonitrile. In another example, the compound4-methoxyacetophenone is oxidized bybleach at theketone group at high pH (forming thecarboxylic acid) and oxidized byEAS (to thearyl chloride) at low pH.[9]