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Character animation is a specialized area of theanimation process, which involves bringing animatedcharacters to life. The role of a character animator is analogous to that of a film or stageactor and character animators are often said to be "actors with a pencil" (or a mouse). Character animators breathe life in their characters, creating the illusion of thought, emotion and personality. Character animation is often distinguished fromcreature animation, which involves bringingphotorealistic animals and creatures to life.

Winsor McCay'sGertie the Dinosaur (1914) is often considered the first example of true character animation. Later,Otto Messmer imbuedFelix the Cat with an instantly recognizable personality during the 1920s.

In the 1930s,Walt Disney made character animation a particular focus of his animation studio, best showcased in productions such asThree Little Pigs (1933),Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937),Pinocchio (1940), andDumbo (1941).Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the "first full length animated and musical feature" inTechnicolor.^[1] Disneyanimators such asBill Tytla,Ub Iwerks,Grim Natwick,Fred Moore,Ward Kimball,Les Clark, John Sibley,Marc Davis,Wolfgang Reitherman, Hal King,Hamilton Luske,Norm Ferguson,Eric Larson,John Lounsbery,Milt Kahl,Frank Thomas andOllie Johnston all became masters of the technique.^{[citation needed]}

Frank and Ollie, as they were affectionately known by their protégés, taught that the thoughts and emotions behind the character were primary to the creation of every scene.^[2] Out of all theNine Old Men, Frank and Ollie were the most known for theirmentor/apprentice relationships, and the sharing of their knowledge about creating characters, most notably as transcribed throughDisney Animation: The Illusion of Life. This book relays the12 basic principles of animation, and is informally considered to be the 'animation bible' for any student of animation.^{[citation needed]}

Other notable figures in character animation include theSchlesinger/Warner Bros. directors (Tex Avery,Chuck Jones,Bob Clampett,Frank Tashlin,Robert McKimson, andFriz Freleng), cartoon animatorsMax Fleischer andWalter Lantz, pioneering animatorsHanna-Barbera, former Disney animatorDon Bluth, independent animatorRichard Williams,John Lasseter atPixar, and latter-day Disney animatorsAndreas Deja,Glen Keane andEric Goldberg. Character animation is not limited to Hollywood studios, however. Some of the finest examples of character animation can be found in the work ofNick Park ofAardman Animations and Russian independent animatorYuri Norstein.^{[citation needed]}

Though typical examples of character animation are found in animated feature films, the role of character animation within the gaming industry is rapidly increasing. Game developers are using more complicated characters that allow the gamer to more fully connect with the gaming experience.Prince of Persia,God of War,Team Fortress orResident Evil contain examples of character animation in games.^{[citation needed]}

Character animation is often contrasted with creature animation, in which specialised animators bring to life realistic animals and creatures, such as dinosaurs and fantasy creatures. Visual effects animators specialise in animating vehicles, machinery, and natural phenomena such as rain, snow, lightning and water, as well as the "non-natural" effects often seen inscience fiction films. There is a good deal of overlap between these areas. Sometimes, visual effects animators will use the same principles of character animation; an early example is thepseudopod inThe Abyss.^[3]

On-going computer science research on character animation deals with the question of generating multi-layerlevel of detail at run-time to allow large crowd rendering inreal-time applications.^[4] Realistic character movements are often simulated usingmotion capture^[5] andsoft-body dynamics simulations.^[6]

• Goldberg, EricCharacter Animation Crash Course Silman-James Press, USA (7 July 2008)] Retrieved September 2012
• Thomas, Frank, and Johnston, Ollie,The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation. Hyperion. (1981, reprint 1997)ISBN 978-0-7868-6070-8.
• Williams, Richard,The Animator's Survival Kit: A Manual of Methods, Principles and Formulas for Computer, Stop-motion, Games and Classical Animators, Faber and Faber, 2002 (expanded edition 2009)

• Audiovisual introductions in 1914
• Animation
• Animation techniques

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