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California State Senate
California State Legislature
Type
Type	Upper house
Term limits	Elected before 2012: 2 terms (8 years) Elected 2012 and after: 3 terms (12 years)
History
New session started	December 5, 2022
Leadership
President	Eleni Kounalakis (D) since January 7, 2019
President pro tempore	Mike McGuire (D) since February 5, 2024
Majority Leader	Lena Gonzalez (D) since February 8, 2024
Minority Leader	Brian Jones (R) since December 5, 2022
Structure
Seats	40
Political groups	Majority   Democratic (30) Minority   Republican (10)
Length of term	4 years
Authority	Article 4,California Constitution
Salary	$114,877/year + $211 per diem
Elections
Voting system	Nonpartisan blanket primary
Last election	November 5, 2024 (20 seats)
Next election	November 3, 2026 (20 seats)
Redistricting	California Citizens Redistricting Commission
Motto
Senatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri ("It is a senator's duty to protect the liberty of the people.")
Meeting place
State Senate Chamber California State Capitol Sacramento,California
Website
California State Senate
Rules
Standing Rules of the Senate

TheCalifornia State Senate is theupper house of theCalifornia State Legislature, thelower house being theCalifornia State Assembly. The state senate convenes, along with the state assembly, at theCalifornia State Capitol inSacramento.

Neither house has expanded from the sizes set in the1879 constitution,^[1] and each of the 40 state senators represents approximately 931,349 people.^[2] This is a higher number than that of any other state legislative house, than that ofCalifornia's representatives in Congress,^[3] and each state senator represents more than the population of five U.S. states (not combined).^[4] In the current legislative session, theDemocratic Party holds 30 out of the 40 seats, which constitutes a 75% majority, well over the two-thirdssupermajority threshold of 27.

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The 1849 constitution of California provided that the "number of Senators shall not be less than one third, nor more than one half of that of the members of the Assembly..."^[5] The 1849 constitution also provided that senators served two-year terms and were to be elected bienally, with the total number of senators being divided into two classes so that one half of the senators would be elected annually.^[5]

Following the ratification of the 1879 constitution of California, the constitution prescribed that the senate is composed of 40 senators and that all senators must have resided within California for three years and their district for one year.^[6] Such districts were to be "as nearly equal in population as may be, and composed of contiguous territory". There was to be one senate district for each senator. Such districts were also required to preserve political boundaries: "In the formation of such districts, no county, or city and county, shall be divided, unless it contain a sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts; nor shall a part of any county, or of any city and county, be united with any other county, or city and county, in forming any district."^[7]

Between 1933 and 1967, state legislativedistricts were drawn according to the "Little Federal Model" by which Assembly seats were drawn according to population and senate seats were drawn according to county lines.^[8] The guidelines were that no senate district would include more than threecounties and none would include less than one complete county. This led to the situation of a populous county such asLos Angeles County (1960 population of 6 million) being accorded the same number of state senators (one) as less populous counties such asAlpine County (1960 pop. 397). The senate districts remained unaltered from 1933 to 1967, regardless of the changes in the population distribution. InReynolds v. Sims, theUnited States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling. The California State Senate has never been expanded since the enactment of the 1879 constitution. In 1962, voters were asked viainitiative California Proposition 23 whether to expand the state senate by 10 seats, thereby increasing the size of the body to 50 seats, and to abandon the little federal model.^[9] This proposition was rejected by the voters 46.65% - 53.35% (2,181,758 - 2,495,440).^[10]

Thelieutenant governor is theex officio president of the senate, and may only cast a vote to break a tie. Thepresident pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as themajority andminority leaders, are elected by their respectiveparty caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber.

As of 2024, the president pro tempore isDemocratMike McGuire ofGeyserville. The majority leader is DemocratLena Gonzalez ofLong Beach, and the minority leader isRepublicanBrian Jones ofSantee.

Each state senator represents a population roughly equivalent to theState of Delaware. As a result of Proposition 140 in 1990 andProposition 28 in 2012, members elected to the legislature prior to 2012 are restricted byterm limits to two four-year terms (eight years), while those elected in or after 2012 are allowed to serve 12 years in the legislature in any combination of four-year state senate or two-year state assembly terms.^[11]

Members of the state senate serve four-year terms. Every two years, half of the senate's 40 seats are subject to election. This is in contrast to the state assembly, in which all 80 seats in the assembly are subject to election every two years.

The red tones of the California State Senate chamber are based on theBritish House of Lords, which is outfitted in a similar color. The dais rests along a wall shaped like an "E", with its central projection housing the rostrum. The lower tier dais runs across the entire chamber, there are several chairs and computers used by the senate officers, the most prominent seat is reserved for the secretary who calls the roll. The higher tier is smaller, with three chairs, the two largest and most ornate chairs are used by the president pro tempore (right chair) and the lieutenant governor (left chair). The third and smallest chair, placed in the center, is used by the presiding officer (acting in place of the pro tem) and is rarely sat in as the president is expected to stand. There are four other chairs flanking the dais used by the highest non-member officials attending the senate, a foreign dignitary or state officer for example. Each of the 40 senators is provided a desk, microphone and two chairs, one for the senator, another for guests or legislative aides. Almost every decorating element is identical to the assembly chamber. Along the cornice appears a portrait ofGeorge Washington and the Latin quotationsenatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri ("It is the duty of the senator to guard the civil liberties of the Commonwealth").

The secretary, the sergeant-at-arms, and the chaplain are not members of the legislature.

• †: elected in a special election

Current committees, chairs and vice chairs include:^[13]

• List of special elections to the California State Senate
• 2020 California State Senate election
• Impeachment in California
• California State Legislature
• California State Legislature, 2021–2022 session
• List of California state legislatures
• California State Assembly
• California State Capitol
• California State Capitol Museum
• Districts in California
• Members of the California State Legislature

• Official website of the California State Senate
  • Democratic Caucus
  • Republican Caucus
  • Sergeant-at-Arms
• Interactive map of the state senate districts
• California legislative district maps from 1849 to the present

38°34′36″N121°29′37″W / 38.57667°N 121.49361°W /38.57667; -121.49361

• 1849 establishments in California
• California State Legislature
• State upper houses in the United States

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