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Theblack dog is a supernatural, spectral, or demonichellhound originating fromEnglish folklore, and also present in folklore throughout Europe and the Americas. It is usually unnaturally large with glowing red or yellow eyes, is often connected with theDevil (as an English incarnation of the hellhound), and is sometimes an omen of death.[1] It is sometimes associated withelectrical storms (such asBlack Shuck's appearance atBungay,Suffolk),[2] and also withcrossroads,barrows (as a type offairy hound), places ofexecution and ancient pathways.[1][3][4]
Black dogs are generally regarded as sinister or malevolent, and a few (such as theBarghest and Shuck) are said to be directly harmful.[5] Some black dogs, however, such as the Gurt Dog inSomerset, are said to behave benevolently as guardian black dogs, guiding travellers at night onto the right path or protecting them from danger.[5][6][7] The black dog is a recognised folkloricmotif.[8]
The origins of the black dog are difficult to discern. It is uncertain whether the creature originated in theCeltic orGermanic elements ofBritish culture. ThroughoutEuropean mythology, dogs have been associated with death. Examples of this are theCŵn Annwn (Welsh),[9]Garmr (Norse)[10] andCerberus (Greek),[11] all of whom were in some way guardians of theUnderworld. This association seems to be due to thescavenging habits of dogs.[12] It is possible that the black dog is a survival of these beliefs.
Some scholars suggest that the black dog legend evolved from these mythological guardians, blending with medieval superstitions and local folklore. Its association with crossroads and execution sites may stem from ancient beliefs linking such places to restless spirits. Over time, these tales spread across cultures, reinforcing the black dog’s ominous reputation.[13]
Black dogs have been reported from almost all thecounties of England, the exceptions beingMiddlesex andRutland.[14]
Some of the better-known black dogs are theBarghest ofYorkshire andBlack Shuck ofEast Anglia. Other names are Hairy Jack,[15] Padfoot,[15] Skriker,[16] Churchyard Beast,[17]Shug Monkey,[18] Capelthwaite,[19]Moddey Dhoo (or Mauthe Doog),[20] Hateful Thing,[21] Swooning Shadow,[22] Bogey Beast,[23]Gytrash (or Guytrash).[24] Although theChurch Grim is not a Barghest or Shuck, it can also take the form of a large black dog.[25]
A Barghest (or Barguest) is said to roam theSnickelways and side roads ofYork, preying on passersby, and has also been seen nearClifford's Tower. To see the monstrous dog is said to be a warning of impending doom.[45]
A man who lived in a village nearAylesbury inBuckinghamshire would go each morning and night to milk his cows in a distant field. One night on his way there he encountered a sinister black dog, and every night thereafter until he brought a friend along with him. When the dog appeared again he attacked it using the yoke of his milk pails as a weapon, but when he did so the dog vanished and the man fell senseless to the ground. He was carried home alive but remained speechless and paralytic for the rest of his life.[46]
InJersey, theTchian d'Bouôlé (Black Dog of Bouley) tells of a phantom dog whose appearance presages storms.Le Chien de Bouley is described as a monstrous black hound with eyes the size of saucers and (in some versions of the legend) a chain which it drags behind it, the sound of which is often the first warning victims have of its presence. Although terrifying, it never does physical harm. Its appearance is said to herald a storm.[47]
The real reason for the superstition of the Black Dog of Bouley Bay is thought to be due to smugglers. If the superstition was fed and became 'real' to the locals, then the bay at night would be deserted and the smuggling could continue in security. The pier at Bouley Bay made this an exceptionally easy task. A local pub retains the name the "Black Dog".[48] Another theory has it thatLe Tchan ("The Dog") is an aural corruption ofLe Chouan, a Jèrriais term for a French Royalistémigré (many of which took refuge in the Island during theFrench Revolution), and the legend took off from there.[49]
Near the town ofLyme Regis inDorset stood a farmhouse that was haunted by a black dog. This dog never caused any harm, but one night the master of the house in a drunken rage tried to attack it with aniron poker. The dog fled to the attic where it leaped out through the ceiling, and when the master struck the spot where the dog vanished he discovered a hidden cache of gold and silver. The dog was never again seen indoors, but to this day it continues to haunt at midnight a lane which leads to the house called Haye Lane (or Dog Lane). Dogs who are allowed to stray in this area late at night have often mysteriously disappeared.[50][51][52] Abed and breakfast in Lyme Regis is named The Old Black Dog, and part of the legend states that the man who discovered the treasure used it to build an inn that originally stood on the site.[53]
The Black Dog of Newgate has been said to haunt theNewgate Prison for over 400 years, appearing before executions. According to legend, in 1596 ascholar was sent to the prison for witchcraft, but was killed and eaten by starving prisoners before he was given a trial. The dog was said to appear soon after, and although the terrified men killed their guards and escaped, the beast is said to have hunted them down and killed them wherever they fled.[54] Grim (or Fairy Grim) is the name of a shapeshifting fairy that sometimes took the form of a black dog in the 17th-century pamphletThe Mad Pranks and Merry Jests of Robin Goodfellow. He was also referred to as the Black Dog of Newgate, but though he enjoyed frightening people he never did any serious harm.[55]
In the village ofNorthorpe in theWest Lindsey district ofLincolnshire (not to be confused withNorthorpe in theSouth Kesteven district) the churchyard was said to be haunted by a "Bargest". Some black dogs are said to be human beings with the power ofshapeshifting. In another nearby village there lived an old man who was reputed to be a wizard. It was claimed that he would transform into a black dog and attack his neighbours' cattle. It is uncertain if there was any connection between the barghest and the wizard.[56]
The Black Dog ofPreston is said to be a guardian of the city gates, appearing when danger threatens the town.[57] It is a headless boggart, who could howl nevertheless, and whose howl meant death, as also did its lying down upon a doorstep to someone who dwelt within that special house.[58]
In the parish ofTring,Hertfordshire, achimney sweep namedThomas Colley was executed by hanging in 1751 for the drowning murder of Ruth Osborne whom he accused of being awitch. Colley's spirit now haunts the site of thegibbet in the form of a black dog, and the clanking of his chains can also be heard.[59][35] In one tale a pair of men who encountered the dog saw a burst of flame before it appeared in front of them, big as aNewfoundland with the usual burning eyes and long sharp teeth. After a few minutes it disappeared, either vanishing like a shadow or sinking into the earth.[60][61][62]
InNorfolk,Suffolk,Lincolnshire and the northern parts ofEssex, a black dog known as Black Shuck (also Old Shuck or Shock) is regarded as malevolent, with stories ranging from terrifying people (or killing them outright) to being a portent of death to themselves or a person close to the victim. There are tales that in 1577 it attacked the church in the market town of Bungay, killing two people and appearing on the same day at the church in the nearby village ofBlythburgh, taking the lives of another three and leaving claw marks which remain today.[63][64] In the parish ofOverstrand is a lane known as Shuck's Lane from its frequent appearances there. According to urban legends, if the spot where it was just seen is examined then one may find scorch marks and the smell ofbrimstone.[65] There are also less common tales of a similar dog said to accompany people on their way home in the role of protector rather than an omen of misfortune.[66] Among other possible meanings, the name Shuck is derived from a provincial word meaningshaggy.[65]
InGuernsey isBodu ortchen Bodu (tchen beingdog inDgèrnésiais). His appearance, usually in theClos du Valle, foretells death of the viewer or someone close to him.[42]
InWestmorland and adjacent parts of Yorkshire there was a belief in Capelthwaite, who could take the form of anyquadruped but usually appeared as a large black dog. He took his name from the barn in which he lived called Capelthwaite Barn, nearMilnthorpe. He performed helpful services for the people on the farm such as rounding up the sheep, but toward outsiders he was very spiteful and mischievous until one day he was banished by avicar.[19] As both a helper and a trickster the Capelthwaite behaved more like a domestichobgoblin than a typical black dog.[67]
The Church Grim guards a local Christianchurch and its attachedchurchyard from those who would profane them including thieves, vandals, witches, and warlocks.[68] For this purpose, it was the custom to bury a dog alive under thecornerstone of a church as afoundation sacrifice. Sometimes, the grim will toll thebells at midnight before a death occurs. At funerals, the presiding clergyman may see the dog looking out from thechurchtower and determine from its "aspect" whether the soul of the departed was bound forHeaven orHell. Another tradition states that when a new churchyard was opened, the first man buried there had to guard it against the Devil. To save a human soul from such a duty, a black dog was buried in the north part of the churchyard as a substitute.[69][43][70]
The area aroundSt Germans is haunted by a pack of hunting dogs known as Dando's Dogs. Dando was an unrepentantly sinful priest and an avid huntsman who was carried off to Hell by the Devil for his wickedness. Since then, Dando and his hounds are sometimes heard in a wild chase across the countryside, especially on Sunday mornings.[71]
The Devil's Dandy Dogs are another Cornish version of the Wild Hunt. They are often conflated with Dando's Dogs but are much more dangerous. The huntsman is the Devil himself and his dogs are not just ghosts but true hellhounds, black in color with horns and fiery breath. One night a herdsman was journeying home across the moors and would have been overtaken by the Dandy Dogs, but when he knelt and began praying they went off in another direction in pursuit of other prey.[72][73]
Freybug is the name of an alleged Black Dog.[74]
Gabriel Hounds are dogs with human heads that fly high through the air, and are often heard but seldom seen. They sometimes hover over a house, and this is taken as a sign that death or misfortune will befall those who dwell within. They are also known as Gabriel Ratchets (ratchet being a hound that hunts by scent), Gabble Retchets, and "sky yelpers", and like Yeth Hounds they are sometimes said to be the souls of unbaptised children. Popular conceptions of the Gabriel Hounds may have been partially based on migrating flocks of wild geese when they fly at night with loud honking. In other traditions their leader Gabriel is condemned to follow his hounds at night for the sin of having hunted on Sunday (much like the Cornish Dando), and their yelping cry is regarded as a death omen similar to the birds of folklore known as the Seven Whistlers.[75][76][77]
Guardian Black Dogs refer to those relatively rare black dogs that are neither omens of death nor causes of it. Instead they guide lost travellers and protect them from danger. Stories of this type became more widespread starting around the early 1900s. In different versions of one popular tale a man was journeying along a lonely forest road at night when a large black dog appeared at his side and remained there until the man left the forest. On his return journey through the wood the dog reappeared and did the same as before. Years later two convicted prisoners told thechaplain that they would have robbed and murdered the wayfarer in the forest that night but were intimidated by the presence of the black dog.[7][5]
The Gurt Dog ("Great Dog") of Somerset is an example of a benevolent dog. It is said that mothers would allow their children to play unsupervised on theQuantock Hills because they believed the Gurt Dog would protect them. It would also accompany lone travelers in the area, acting as a protector and guide.[6]
The Gytrash (or Guytrash) is a black dog and death omen ofNorthern England that haunts solitary ways and also takes the form of a horse, mule and cow. It was popularised in folklore by its mention in the novelJane Eyre byCharlotte Brontë.[24][78]
There are many tales of ghostly black dogs inLincolnshire collected byEthel Rudkin for her 1938 publicationFolklore. Such a creature, known locally as Hairy Jack, is said to haunt the fields and village lanes aroundHemswell, and there have been reported sightings throughout the county fromBrigg toSpalding. Rudkin, who claimed to have seen Hairy Jack herself, formed the impression that black dogs in Lincolnshire were mainly of a gentle nature, and looked upon as a spiritual protector.[79] Hairy Jack was also said to haunt lonely plantations, byways, and waste places where it attacked anyone passing by.[80]
In theIsle of Man is the legend of theModdey Dhoo, 'black dog' inManx, also styled phoneticallyMauthe Doog orMawtha Doo. It is said to haunt the environs ofPeel Castle.[20] People believe that anyone who sees the dog will die soon after the encounter with the dog. It is mentioned bySir Walter Scott inThe Lay of the Last Minstrel:
InWakefield,[15]Leeds,Pudsey and some areas ofBradford the local version of the legend is known as Padfoot. A death omen like others of its type, it may become visible or invisible and exhibits certain characteristics that give it its name. It is known to follow people with a light padding sound of its paws, then appearing again in front of them or at their side. It can utter a roar unlike the voice of any known animal, and sometimes the trailing of a chain can be heard along with the pad of its feet.[81] It is best to leave the creature alone, for if a person tries to speak to or attacks it then it will have power over them. One story tells of a man who tried to kick the Padfoot and found himself dragged by it through hedge and ditch all the way to his home and left under his own window. Although usually described as black, another tale concerns a man who encountered a white Padfoot. He attempted to strike it with his stick but it passed completely through, and he ran home in fear. Soon afterward he fell sick and died.[81]
The Skriker (or Shrieker[16]) of Lancashire and Yorkshire is a death omen like many others of its type, but it also wanders invisibly in the woods at night uttering loud, piercing shrieks. It may also take visible form as a large black dog with enormous paws that make a splashing sound when walking, like "old shoes walking in soft mud". For this reason the Skriker is also known as Trash, another word fortrudge orslog.[16][82][83] The name Skriker is also derived from a dialect word forscreech in reference to its frightful utterances.[84]
InGuernsey,Tchico (Tchi-coh twoNorman words for dog, whencecur), is headless, and is supposed to be the phantom of a pastBailiff of Guernsey,Gaultier de la Salle, who was hanged for falsely accusing one of his vassals.[42]
The Yeth Hound (or Yell Hound) is a black dog found inDevon folklore. According to Brewer'sDictionary of Phrase and Fable, the Yeth Hound is a headless dog, said to be the spirit of anunbaptised child, that rambles through the woods at night making wailing noises. It is also mentioned in theDenham Tracts, a 19th-century collection of folklore byMichael Denham. It may have been one inspiration for the ghost dog inThe Hound of the Baskervilles by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, described as "an enormous coal-black hound, but not such a hound as mortal eyes have ever seen" - with fire in his eyes and breath (Hausman 1997:47).[85]
The Wisht or Wish Hounds (wisht is a dialect word for "ghostly" or "haunted") are a related phenomenon[86] and some folklorists regard them as identical to the Yeth Hounds.[87][88]Wistman's Wood on Dartmoor in southern Devon is said to be the home of the Wisht Hounds as they make their hunting forays across the moor.[89] The road known as the Abbot's Way and the valley of theDewerstone are favoured haunts of the hounds.[87] Their huntsman is presumably the Devil,[88] and it is said that any dog that hears the crying of the hounds will die.[87] One legend states that the ghost ofSir Francis Drake sometimes drove a black hearse coach on the road betweenTavistock andPlymouth at night, drawn by headless horses and accompanied by demons and a pack of headless yelping hounds.[90]Charles Hardwick notes that black coach legends are "relatively modernised versions" ofWild Hunt and "Furious Host" traditions.[91]Robert Hunt further defineswhish orwhisht as "a common term for that weird sorrow which is associated with mysterious causes".[89]
Though English, black dog folklore has spread to other parts of the British Isles. In Scotland the "Muckle Black Tyke" is a black dog that presides at theWitches' Sabbath and is supposed to be the Devil himself, whilst near the village ofMurthly is astanding stone, and it is said that the person brave enough to move it will find a chest guarded by a black dog.[5]
InWales the black dog counterpart was theGwyllgi or "Dog of Darkness", a frightful apparition of amastiff with baleful breath and blazing red eyes.[9][92] Another ghostly black dog is said to hauntSt Donat's Castle, with some witnesses claiming it to have been accompanied by thehag,Gwrach y Rhibyn.[citation needed]
Other British examples of spectral or supernatural dogs exist which fulfil the broader hellhound archetype, and which may have influenced black dog folklore, but which are not themselves black dogs. These include fairy hounds, such as the WelshCŵn Annwn, connected with theotherworld realm ofAnnwn and referred to in theFour Branches of the Mabinogi and elsewhere, whiche are described as dazzling white hounds.[93] TheCù Sìth of theScottish Highlands is dark green in color and the size of a stirk (a yearling calf). They were usually kept tied up in the brugh (fairy mound) as watchdogs, but sometimes they accompanied the women during their expeditions or were allowed to roam about alone, making their lairs among the rocks. They moved silently, had large paws the size of adult human hands, and had a loud baying sound that could be heard far out at sea. It is said that anyone who heard them bark three times was overcome with terror and died of fear.[94] The dogs belonging to the ferrishyn or Manx fairies can be found in a wide variety of colors. They are sometimes described as white and wearing red caps[95] or may be found in all colors of the rainbow.[96]
Variations of theHellhound are known throughout world mythology and folklore, some of which may have influenced or been influenced by the English black dog.
The earliest known report of a black dog was inFrance in AD 856, when one was said to materialize in a church even though the doors were shut. The church grew dark as it padded up and down the aisle, as if looking for someone. The dog then vanished as suddenly as it had appeared.[97] On mainlandNormandy theRongeur d'Os wanders the streets ofBayeux on winter nights as a phantom dog, gnawing on bones and dragging chains along with it.[98]
Oude Rode Ogen ("Old Red Eyes") or the "Beast of Flanders" was a spirit reported inMechelen,Belgium in the 18th century who would take the form of a large black dog with fiery red eyes. InWallonia, the southern region of Belgium, folktales mentioned theTchén al tchinne ("Chained Hound" inWalloon), a hellish dog bound with a long chain, that was thought to roam in the fields at night.[99] InGermany and theCzech lands it was said that the devil would appear in the form of a large black dog.[100][101]
According to Catholic legend, a black dog attempted to steal Italian mysticBenedetta Carlini when she was a child in the 17th century, but her screams frightened him away. By the time her mother arrived, the dog had disappeared, and Benedetta and her parents interpreted this incident as the work of a devil disguised as an animal.[102]
Black dogs with fiery eyes are reported throughoutLatin America fromMexico toArgentina under a variety of names including the Perro Negro (Spanish for black dog),Nahual (Mexico),Huay Chivo and Huay Pek (Mexico) – alternatively spelled Uay/Way/Waay Chivo/Pek,Cadejo (Central America), thedog Familiar (Argentina) and theLobizon (Paraguay and Argentina). They are usually said to be either incarnations of the Devil or a shape-changing sorcerer.[103]
Black dog folklore likely spread with the English diaspora after the colonising of America. The legend of a small black dog has persisted inMeriden,Connecticut since the 19th century. The dog is said to haunt theHanging Hills: a series of rock ridges and gorges that serve as a popular recreation area. The first non-local account came from W. H. C. Pynchon inThe Connecticut Quarterly, in which it is described as a death omen. It is said that, "If you meet the Black Dog once, it shall be for joy; if twice, it shall be for sorrow; and the third time shall bring death."[104]
A New England black dog tale comes from southeasternMassachusetts in the area known, by some, as theBridgewater Triangle. In the mid-1970s, the town ofAbington was, reportedly, terrorized by a large, black dog that caused a panic. A local fireman saw it attacking horses. Local police unsuccessfully searched for it, at first they didn't see the black dog. But eventually, a police officer sighted the dog walking along train tracks and shot at it. Apparently, the bullets had no effect on the animal and it walked off, never to be seen again.[citation needed]
In theSouth JerseyPine Barrens, there is alocal legend told by Pine Barren residents describing a ghostly black dog that is said to roam the beaches and pine forests in the area roughly from Absecon Island to Barnegat Bay. Unlike most British or Germanic “black dog” legends, the black dog of the Pine Barrens is generally considered a harmless or even benevolent spirit. According to folklore, pirates onAbsecon Island attacked a ship and killed its crew. Among those killed were the cabin boy and his black dog, and the spirit of this black dog supposedly roams the beaches and pines searching for his owner.[105]
From sparsely populated centralDelaware (specifically the towns ofFrederica andFelton) comes the myth of the Fence Rail Dog, said to be a ghost that is as tall as a fence and races cars alongRoute 12 but is wholly harmless. There are three variants of the myth; one is that it is the ghost of a cornered outlaw who committed suicide, another is that it is that of a slave killed by his master and looking for a place to be buried, while a third one says it is that of a dog murdered along with its owner, and looks to avenge both of them.[106]
In the rural backroads of upstateSouth Carolina dwells another frequent spotting site of a black dog haunting travelers. The Ghost Hound of Goshem Hill is said to aggressively prowl around Old Buncombe Road in Sumter National Forest; legend claims his master had been unjustly killed for a crime.[107]
In the lore of long-haul truckers, seeing a black dog with red eyes in your peripheral vision is a sign of a fatal crash being imminent, and that you should pull off immediately. Some think the "dog" is just the eyes beginning to subconsciously close, causing a black spot in the corner of the eye.[citation needed]
Black dog is not usually seen inThai beliefs, but some myths say thepop acannibalistic evil spirit may sometimes appear in the form of a black dog.[108] ABuddhist temple inAyutthaya province, about 82.3 km (51.1 mi) north ofBangkok, where monks and locals heard a terrifying howling sound in the middle of the night. It is believed to be the sound of ahungry ghost known aspreta. In addition, a local confirmed that he himself had seen a black dog and a headless ghost in the past.[109]
The legend has been referenced many times in popular culture. One of the most famous ghostly black dogs in fiction appears inSir Arthur Conan Doyle'sThe Hound of the Baskervilles, where a large dog-like creature haunts a family estate.Sherlock Holmes is brought in to determine if the dog is in fact real or supernatural. This story makes use of folktales where black dogs symbolize death.[citation needed]
Another famous ghostly black dog may be found inJ.K. Rowling'sHarry Potter series: the "Grim", a "giant, spectral dog that haunts churchyards"[110] is "the worst omen of death"[110] according to Harry Potter's divination teacher,Professor Trelawney. Another reference to the legend can be found in the same book,Harry Potter & the Prisoner of Azkaban, Padfoot being the nickname ofSirius Black, ananimagus who can turn into a large black dog and who is mistaken for the Grim by Harry.
English rock bandLed Zeppelin's song "Black Dog" is loosely inspired by the trope of the black dog, incidentally, as well as a reference to a nameless blackLabrador Retriever that wandered around theHeadley Grange studios during recording.[111]
American singer-songwriterTaylor Swift released a bonus track entitled "The Black Dog" on a special edition of her studio albumThe Tortured Poets Department.[112] The song is slow and has a sad theme, but the black dog is referenced as a London pub with the same name.[113]
In theDungeons & Dragons role-playing game, black hound is another name for the intelligentmoon dog, which counter to expectations is a helpful creature bent on hunting evil.[114][115] The game also features evil yeth hounds as "massive, human-faced dogs that serve as the hunting dogs of powerfulfey".[116]
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