There are different theories on the tribal identity of Bilge Kul khagan. According to Western[citation needed] and Kazakh historiographies, he was a ruler ofIsfijab, a descendant of theKarluk yabghu.[3] Alternatively, he was from the Edgish tribe, a part of theChigils[4][5] or aYagma. According toPritsak, he claimed the title "Khaqan" after the fall ofUyghur khaganate since he was from theAshina dynasty.[6][7][8][9] However, Wei Liangtao claims that he was, in fact, Pang Tegin, a ruler of remnants of the Uyghur ruling dynasty inKhotan.[10] Qian Baiquan doubted that.[11]
^Bartolʹd, V. V. (1998).Ti︠u︡rki : dvenadt︠s︡atʹ lekt︠s︡iĭ po istorii turet︠s︡kikh narodov Sredneĭ Azii. Almaty: Zhalyn.ISBN978-5610011455.OCLC47047380.
^Jamal al-Qarshi, Muhammad ibn 'Umar; Jawhar, Isml ibn ammd (1869).Al-Surah min al-Sihah. Robarts - University of Toronto. Kashzhar.
^"Karluk Yabghu State (756-940)"Qazaqstan Tarihy. quote: "In 840, in the Central Asian steppes an important event occurred. The Yenisei Kyrgyz invasion destroyed the Uighur Khaganate, forcing the Uighurs to flee to Turfan oasis and toGansu [original article mistakenly hasGuangzhou].The Karluk Djabgu and the ruler of Isfijab, Bilge Kul Qadeer-Khan, took advantage of the situation and proclaimed himself as a sovereign ruler and assumed a new title of Khagan."
^Kochnev, Boris Dmitrievich (2006).Numizmaticheskai︠a︡ istorii︠a︡ Karakhanidskogo kaganata, 991-1209 gg. Nastich, V. N. Moskva: Sofii︠a︡.ISBN978-5955005546.OCLC127918156.
^Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G. (2004).Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe. Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie. Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich) (2-e izd., isprav. i dop ed.). Sankt-Peterburg
^Wei, Liangtiao (1982). "About the History of the Karahan Dynasty, Literature and Research (关于喀喇汗王朝的史科, 文献及研究情况)".Academic Journal of Xinjiang University.1:43–55.
^Qian, Baiquan (1982). "Was the Karakhanid dynasty established by Pang Tegin? The problems of the westwards movement of Uygurs and Pang Tegin. (喀喇汗王朝是庞特勤创建的吗 ? 回鹘西迁和庞特勤问题)".Studies on Northwestern Ethnic Minorities.2.
