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Barkcloth orbark cloth is a versatile material that was once common in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Barkcloth comes primarily from trees of the family Moraceae, includingBroussonetia papyrifera,Artocarpus altilis,Artocarpus tamaran, andFicus natalensis. It is made by beating sodden strips of the fibrous inner bark of these trees into sheets, which are then finished into a variety of items. Many texts that mention "paper clothing" are actually referring to barkcloth.
Some modern cotton-based fabrics are also named "barkcloth" for their resemblance to these traditional fabrics.
Before the development of woven textiles, barkcloth made from trees belonging to the mulberry family (Moraceae) were an important aspect of thepre-Austronesian andAustronesian material culture during theNeolithic period. Stone barkcloth beaters, in particular, are considered part of the "Austronesian toolkit." They have been found in abundance in thePearl River basin inSouthern China, which is considered to be part of the homelands of the Austronesian peoples before they started migrating into islands during theAustronesian expansion (c.3000 to 1500 BC). The oldest example, found in the Dingmo Site inGuangxi, has been dated back to ~5900 BC. They were spread along with Austronesian voyagers intoIsland Southeast Asia,Oceania (with the notable exception ofMicronesia), andMadagascar. Genetic studies on thepaper mulberry populations in the Pacific have all confirmed close genealogical ties to populations in Taiwan and Southern China.[1][2][3][4][5]
Though they exist in abundance in archaeological sites in Island Southeast Asia, barkcloth have largely disappeared in the region as they were replaced by woven textiles. But they survived until around the 19th century in the outlying regions of the Austronesian expansion, particularly inIsland Melanesia andPolynesia, as well as the interior highlands ofBorneo.[5] Some communities in Southeast Asia are reviving this practice. At Monbang traditional village onAlor Island, Indonesia, tourists can see members of the Kabola ethnic group wear barkcloth and dance traditional dances.[6]
Barkcloth has been manufactured inBuganda,Uganda, for centuries[7] and is Uganda's sole representative on theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[8]
The production of barkcloth may have originated in Southeastern China, in a region adjacent to Vietnam.[9] South East China was the origins to the ancestors of many people, including those who migrated to Vietnam.[10] Throughout ancient Vietnam, the bark-cloth was widely made; this practice of producing barkcloth has survived in modern times in a few rural areas in Vietnam.[9]
Today, what is commonly called barkcloth is a soft, thick, slightly textured fabric, so named because it has a rough surface like that of tree bark. This barkcloth is usually made of densely wovencotton fibers. Historically, the fabric has been used in home furnishings, such as curtains, drapery, upholstery, and slipcovers. It is often associated with 1940s through 1960s home fashions, particularly in tropical, abstract, "atomic" and "boomerang" prints, the last two themes being expressed by images of atoms with electrons whirling, and by the boomerang shape which was very popular inmid-century cocktail tables and fabrics and influenced by the Las Vegas"Atomic City" era.Waverly, a famed design house for textiles and wall coverings between 1923 and 2007, called their version of this fabricrhino cloth, possibly for the rough, nubbly surface.[11] American barkcloth shot through with goldLurex threads was calledLas Vegas cloth, and contained as much as 65%rayon as well, making it a softer, more flowing fabric than the stiffer all-cotton rhino cloth or standard cotton barkcloth.[12]
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