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As aliterary technique, anauthor surrogate (also called anauthor avatar) is a fictional character based on the author.[1] The author surrogate may be disguised, with a different name, or the author surrogate may be quite close to the author, with the same name. Some authors use author surrogates to express philosophical or political views in the narrative. Authors may also insert themselves under their own name into their works.
Frequently, the author surrogate is the same as themain character and/or theprotagonist, and is also often thenarrator. As an example, the author surrogate may be the one who delivers political diatribe, expressing the author's beliefs, or expound on the strengths and weaknesses of other characters, thereby communicating directly the author's opinion on the characters in question.Philosophers and writers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.[2][failed verification]
British writerDavid Hume used the author-surrogate 'Philo' in theDialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Philonous was the author-surrogate of the Irish philosopher George Berkeley in his workThree Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. NovelistMichael Crichton used his character Ian Malcolm to express views on catastrophic system failure in his novelJurassic Park. Perhaps the best-known philosophical author-surrogate isSocrates in the writings ofPlato.
A surrogate's life may be very similar to that of the author. Like his creator, Peter Marlowe—a character inJames Clavell's novels—wrote about his experience as a prisoner of war with the Japanese duringWorld War II, became a Hollywood writer, and visited Hong Kong to research a book on itstrading companies.[3]
Most stories have an author surrogate, insofar as the author is usually capable of pointing to one character (major or minor) whom he or she identifies with to a much greater degree than any other character. This can take the form of a realistic depiction of the author (Benjamin inAnimal Farm), or a negative (Woody Allen in many of his films) or positive depiction of the author.
Steve Gerber depicted himself saving the universe in his final issue ofMan-Thing forMarvel Comics, andChris Claremont did the same, while Gerber's act was passive and Claremont's had him merge briefly with the title character.[4] In both cases, the authors had other characters that were more traditional author surrogates,Richard Rory and Jonh Daltry.
InAnimal Man,Grant Morrison appears as the author who controls the title character's actions. For example, they tell Buddy Baker that the next writer could have him eating meat (which in fact did happen, in a bizarre set of circumstances), and Buddy says, "But I don't eat meat," to which Morrison retorts, "No,I don't eat meat."[5]
Colombian author andNobel laureateGabriel García Márquez appears near the end of his own book,One Hundred Years of Solitude as a minor character in the novel.
American economist and political advisorPeter Navarro created a fictional economist named "Ron Vara" (an anagram of his own name), whom he quoted extensively in several books about China. Vara was described as a Harvard-trained China hawk, often making provocative or Sinophobic remarks. Navarro later admitted that Vara was fictional and served as an author surrogate to express his own critical views on China.[6]
Fan fiction critics have evolved the term Mary Sue to refer to an idealized author surrogate.[7] The term 'Mary Sue' is thought to evoke the cliché of an author who uses writing as a vehicle for the indulgence of self-idealization, to create a character that is so competent or perfect that it lacks verisimilitude.[8] For male author surrogates, similar names such as 'Marty Stu' or 'Gary Stu' are occasionally used.[9][10]In fan fiction, an author surrogate is more commonly called a "self-insert".
The expression has also been used in a different sense, meaning theprincipal author of a multi-author document.[11]
Call me an author surrogate, not an author, Mr. Zelikow said moments before speaking about the book before the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles.This really is not my book tour since it is not my book.