Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine is an assortment ofcooking traditions that was developed by theAshkenazi Jews ofCentral,Eastern,Northwestern andNorthernEurope, and their descendants, particularly in theUnited States and otherWestern countries.

Ashkenazi Jewish foods have frequently been unique to Ashkenazi Jewish communities, and they often consist of local ingredients (such asbeets,cabbage, andpotato). While these ingredients tended to be the same as those in local or neighbouringnon-Jewish communities, the preparation methods were very different due tokashrut, which was historically enforced by a law, and a history of limited interaction between Ashkenazi Jews and non-Jews.^[1]

The cuisine is largely based on ingredients that were affordable to the historically poor Ashkenazi Jewish community of Europe, and it is frequently composed of ingredients that were readily available and affordable in the regions and communities of Europe in which Ashkenazi Jews lived. Some ingredients were considered less desirable than other ingredients, such asbrisket,chicken liver, andartichokes, among other ingredients, and as a result, these items were rarely used bygentile neighbours of Ashkenazi Jews.

Meat is ritually slaughtered in theshechita process, and it is also soaked andsalted. Meat dishes are a prominent feature ofShabbat,festivals, and celebratory meals.Braised meats such asbrisket feature heavily, as doroot vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, andparsnips which are used in such dishes aslatkes,matzo ball soup, andtzimmes (a braised fruit and vegetable dish which may also contain meat). Cooked, stuffed, and baked vegetables such asstuffed cabbage and, in some regions,stuffed peppers are central to the cuisine.

Due to the lack of availability ofolive oil and other fats which are commonplace inJewish cooking, rendered fat from leftoverpoultry skins (gribenes) calledschmaltz is used infleishig (meat) dishes, whilebutter is traditionally used inmilchig (dairy) dishes.^[2][3] Since the advent of mass-producedvegetable oils (particularly in the United States andCanada) such ascanola oil, many baked goods have been made with oils rather than butter, to render thempareve.

The cuisine of the Ashkenazi Jews is reflective of their journey from Central to Eastern Europe and then to theAmericas andIsrael.^[4] Ashkenazi Jews are aJewish diaspora population which coalesced in theHoly Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. This population progressively migrated eastward, and established populationcentres in thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (a nation which then consisted of territories currently located in parts of present-dayBelarus,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Moldova,Poland,Russia,Slovakia, andUkraine).^[5] Ashkenazi communities have also historically been present in theBanat, a region in central and eastern Europe that consists of parts of present-daySerbia,Romania, andHungary. As a result, the cuisine of Ashkenazi Jews was highly regional in the past, and has also been influenced by a diverse range ofEuropean cooking traditions, includingGerman,French,Italian, Slavic, andOttoman cuisines.

A common refrain is that the food of Ashkenazi Jews is the food ofpoverty. Indeed, Jews in Europe generally lived at the sufferance of the gentile rulers of the lands in which they sojourned, and they were frequently subjected toantisemiticlaws that, at certain times and in certain places, limited their participation in the regular economy,^[6] or in land ownership and farming.^[7] This situation forced many Jews into intergenerational poverty, with the result being that for many Jews, only basic staples were available. Luxury items like meat and imported foods such asspices were not commonplace for anyone but the wealthy. However, the wealthy had access to imported goods like spices, olive oil, and exotic fruits, and they could eat meat more frequently.

While the majority of Jews who have been living in the WesternLevant and Turkey since the time of the first diaspora have beenSefardic,Mizrahi, and other non-Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazi communities also existed among the Jewish communities of the southernSyrian provinces in the Ottoman period (theOld Yishuv), and Turkey.^[8] Evidence of cross-cultural culinary exchange between Ottoman and Ashkenazi cuisines can be seen most readily in the food of Jews in the Banat, Romania, andMoldova, particularlypastrami and karnatzel.^[9]

A stereotype of Ashkenazi food is that it contains few vegetables relative to other Jewish cuisines.^[10] While there is some truth to this allegation, it was most true in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a period during which many eastern European Ashkenazi Jews experiencedparticularly extreme deprivation (including in terms of the availability of food), that coincided with the advent of industrial food processing. "Modern kitchen science" and industrial food processing continued and accelerated into the mid-20th century in the United States, leading to a narrowing of the culinary repertoire and a heavier reliance on processed shelf-stable foods.^[11]

Root vegetables such asturnips, beets,parsnips,carrots,black radish and potatoes historically made up a large portion of the Ashkenazi diet in Europe. The potato – indigenous to the Americas – had an enormous impact on Ashkenazi cuisine, though it reached most Ashkenazi Jews only in the second half of the 19th century.^[12] Other vegetables commonly eaten were cabbage,cucumbers,sorrel,horseradish, and in the Banat,tomatoes and peppers. Cabbage, cucumbers, and other vegetables were frequently preserved throughpickling or fermentation. Fruits include stone fruits such as plums andapricots,apples andpears, and berries, which were eaten fresh or preserved. Raisins are also historically an integral part of Ashkenazi cuisine since the 14th century.^[13] Staple grains includedbarley,rye,buckwheat andwheat; barley and buckwheat were generally cooked whole by boiling the grains/groats in water, while rye and wheat were ground into flour and used to make breads and other baked goods. Dairy products were common, including sour cream, and cheeses such asfarmer's cheese andbrindze, andkashkaval in southeastern regions. Nuts such asalmonds andwalnuts were eaten as well. Mushrooms were foraged or purchased.^[14]

In North America in the 20th century, Ashkenazi food became blander and less regionally-distinct than it had been in Europe, due primarily to the unavailability of certain ingredients and staple foods, the advent of industrial food processing and modern kitchen science,^[15] and poverty and pressures to assimilate.^[16] In the early 21st century, however, increased interest in heritage and food history, including that of Ashkenazi Jews, has resulted in efforts to revitalize this cuisine.^[17]

Thehamentash, a triangular cookie or turnover filled with fruit preserves (lekvar), chocolate or honey, and blackpoppy seed paste, is eaten on theFeast of Purim. It is said to be shaped like the hat ofHaman the tyrant. Themohn kichel is a circular or rectangular wafer sprinkled with poppy seeds.Pirushkes, or turnovers, are little cakes fried in honey or dipped in molasses after they are baked.Strudel is served for dessert.

Kugels are a type of casserole. They come in two types: noodle or potato.Lokshn kugl, or noodle kugel, is usually made from wide egg noodles, eggs, sour cream, raisins, and farmer's cheese, and contains some sugar. Potato kugels (bulbenikes) are made from chopped or shredded potatoes, onions, salt, and eggs, with oil orschmaltz. A regional specialty,kugel yerushalmi (Jerusalem kugel) is made from long, thin egg noodles, more sugar than a typical noodle kugel, and large quantities of black pepper. It is usuallypareve, whereas noodle kugel is dairy and potato kugel may be either pareve or meat-based (if made with schmaltz).

The dough ofchallah (calledbarkhes in Western Yiddish, also known as koilitsh) is often shaped into forms having symbolical meanings; thus onRosh Hashanah rings and coins are imitated, indicating "May the new year be as round and complete as these"; forHosha'na Rabbah and the shabbes after pesach, bread is baked in the form of a key, meaning "May the door of heaven open to admit our prayers."^{[citation needed]}

In Eastern Europe, the Jews baked black (proster, or "ordinary") bread, white bread, andchallah. The most common form is the twist (koilitch orkidke from theRomanian wordîncolăci which means "to twist"). Thekoilitch is oval and about one and a half feet. On special occasions, such as weddings, thekoilitch is increased to about two and a half feet.

A ladder-shaped challah is an old custom among Ukrainian Jews for Shavuot. The Torah is likened to a ladder because it serves as a means of spiritual ascent, connecting Heaven and Earth.^[18]

Thebagel, which originated inJewish communities of Poland, is a popular Ashkenazi food and became widespread in theUnited States.^[19][20]

Rendered chicken fat, known asschmaltz, is sometimes kept ready for cooking use when needed.Gribenes or "scraps", also calledgriven, the cracklings left from the rendering process, were one of the favorite foods of the former Jewish community in Eastern Europe.Schmaltz is eaten spread on bread.

With kosher meat not always available, fish became an important staple of the Jewish diet. In Eastern Europe, it was sometimes especially reserved forShabbat. As fish is not considered meat in the same way that beef or poultry are, it can also be eaten with dairy products (although someSephardim do not mix fish and dairy).

Even though fish isparve, when they are served at the same meal, Orthodox Jews will eat them during separate courses and wash (or replace) the dishes in between.Gefilte fish andlox are popular in Ashkenazi cuisine.

Gefilte fish (from Germangefüllte "stuffed" fish) was traditionally made by skinning the fish steaks, usuallyGerman or French carp, de-boning the flesh, mincing it and sometimes mixing with finely chopped browned onions (3:1), eggs, salt or pepper and vegetable oil. The fish skin and head were then stuffed with the mixture and poached.^[21]

The religious reason for a boneless fish dish for Shabbat is the prohibition of separating bones from food while eating (borer).

A more common commercially packaged product found today is the "Polish" gefilte-fish patties or balls, similar toquenelles, where sugar is added to the broth, resulting in a slightly sweet taste.^[22] Strictly speaking, they are the fish filling, rather than the complete filled fish.^[23] This method of serving evolved from the tradition of removing the stuffing from the skin,^[24] rather than portioning the entire fish into slices before serving.

While traditionally made withcarp or whitefish and sometimespike, gefilte fish may also be made from any large fish:cod,haddock, orhake in the United Kingdom.

The combination ofsmoked salmon, or whitefish withbagels andcream cheese is a traditional breakfast or brunch inAmerican Jewish cuisine, made famous atNew York Citydelicatessens.

Vorschmack orgehakte hering (chopped herring), a popular appetizer on Shabbat, is made by chopping skinned, bonedherrings with hard-boiledeggs, sometimesonions,apples,sugar orpepper and a dash ofvinegar.

Holishkes, stuffed cabbage, also known as thecabbage roll, is also a European Jewish dish that emerged from more impoverished times for Jews. Because having a live cow was more valuable than eating meat in the Middle Ages, Jews used fillers such as breadcrumbs and vegetables to mix with ground beef. This gave the effect of more meat being stuffed into the cabbage leaves.

A spread ofchopped liver, prepared withcaramelized onions and often includinggribenes, is a popular appetizer, side dish, or snack, especially among Jews on the east coast of North America. It is usually served with rye bread or crackers.

Gebratenes (roasted meat), chopped meat andessig-fleisch (vinegar meat) are favorite meat recipes. Theessig or, as it is sometimes called,honig orSauerbraten, is made by adding to meat which has been partially roasted some sugar, bay leaves, pepper, raisins, salt, and a little vinegar.Knish is a snack food consisting of a meat or potato filling covered with dough that is either baked or grilled.

Tzimmes generally consists of cooked vegetables or fruits, sometimes with meat added. The most popular vegetable is the carrot (mehren tzimes), which is sliced. Turnips are also used fortzimmes, particularly in Lithuania. In southern Russia, Galicia, and Romania,tzimmes are made with pears, apples, figs, prunes, or plums (floymn tzimes).

Kreplach areravioli-like dumplings made from flour and eggs mixed into a dough, rolled into sheets, cut into squares, and then filled with finely chopped, seasoned meat or cheese. They are most often served in soup, but may be fried.Kreplach are eaten on various holidays, includingPurim andHosha'na Rabbah.

Several soups are characteristically Ashkenazi, one of the most common of which ischicken soup, traditionally served onShabbat, holidays, and special occasions. The soup may be served with noodles (lokshen in Yiddish). It is often served withshkedei marak (lit. "soup almonds", croutons popular in Israel), calledmandlen ormandlach orperelach in Yiddish. Other popular ingredients arekreplach (dumplings) and matza balls (kneidlach)—a mixture of matza meal, eggs, water, pepper, or salt. Some reservekneidlach forPassover andkreplach for other special occasions.

In the preparation of a number of soups, neither meat nor fat is used. Such soups formed the food of the poor classes. An expression among Jews of Eastern Europe,soup mit nisht (soup with nothing), owes its origin to soups of this kind.

Soups such asborscht were considered a staple inUkraine.Shtshav, a soup made with sorrel, was often referred to as "green borscht" or "sour grass".^[25] Soups likekrupnik were made of barley, potatoes and fat. This was the staple food of the poor students of theyeshivot; in richer families, meat was added to this soup.

At weddings, "golden" chicken soup was often served. The reason for its name is probably the yellow circles of moltenchicken fat floating on its surface. Today, chicken soup is widely referred to (not just among Jews) in jest as "Jewish penicillin" and hailed as a cure for the common cold.^[26]

There are a number of sour soups in the borscht category. One iskraut or cabbage borscht, made by cooking together cabbage, meat, bones, onions, raisins, sour salt (citric acid), sugar, and sometimes tomatoes.

Beet borscht is served hot or cold. In the cold version, a beaten egg yolk may be added before serving, and each bowl is topped with a dollop of sour cream. This last process is calledfarweissen (to make white).

Krupnik, or barley soup, originates in Polish lands; its name comes from the Slavic term for hulled grains,krupa. While non-Jewish recipes for krupnik often involve meat (beef, chicken, pork, or a mixture) and dairy (sour cream) in the same recipe, Jewish recipes for meat-based krupnik generally use chicken or (more rarely) beef broth; if made without meat, sour cream may be added.^[27]

Teiglach, traditionally served onRosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, consists of little balls of dough (about the size of a marble) drenched in a honey syrup.Ingberlach are ginger candies shaped into small sticks or rectangles.Rugelach,babka, andkokosh are popular pastries as well.

In Europe, jellies and preserves made from fruit juice were used as pastry fillings or served with tea. Among the poor, jelly was reserved for invalids, hence the practice of reciting the Yiddish sayingAlevay zol men dos nit darfn (May we not have occasion to use it) before storing it away.

Flodni, a layered sweet pastry consisting of apples, walnuts, currants, and poppy seeds, was a staple ofHungarian Jewish bakeries beforeWorld War II.

Because it was easy to prepare, made from inexpensive ingredients, and contained no dairy products,compote became a staple dessert in Jewish households throughout Europe and was considered part of Jewish cuisine.^[28]

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• Mizrahi Jewish cuisine
• Sephardic Jewish cuisine
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• List of Ashkenazi Jewish restaurants

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