| Artemisia I of Caria Ἀρτεμισία (Greek) | |
|---|---|
| Queen ofHalicarnassus,Kos,Nisyros, andKalymnos | |
 Painting by German artistWilhelm von Kaulbach depicting Artemisia shooting arrows at the Greek fleet during theBattle of Salamis, 1868[1] | |
| Reign | fl. 480 BC |
| Predecessor | Unknown (her husband) |
| Successor | Pisindelis |
| Born | Halicarnassus (modern-dayBodrum, Turkey) |
| Issue | Pisindelis |
| Dynasty | Lygdamid |
| Father | Lygdamis I |
| Mother | Unknown |
| Religion | Greek polytheism |
| Lygdamid dynasty (Dynasts ofCaria) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||
Artemisia I of Caria (Ancient Greek:Ἀρτεμισία,transl.Ártemisía;fl. 480 BC) was a queen of the ancientGreek city-state ofHalicarnassus, which is now inBodrum, present-dayTurkey. She was also queen of the nearby islands ofKos,Nisyros andKalymnos,[2] within theAchaemenidsatrapy ofCaria, in about 480 BC.[2] She was ofCarian-Greek ethnicity by her fatherLygdamis I, and half-Cretan by her mother.[3] She fought as an ally ofXerxes I, King of Persia against the independentGreek city states during thesecond Persian invasion of Greece.[4] She personally commanded ships at the navalbattle of Artemisium[5] and at the navalBattle of Salamis in 480 BC. She is mostly known through the writings ofHerodotus, himself a native ofHalicarnassus, who praises her courage and relates the respect in which she was held by Xerxes.
Artemisia's father was thesatrap of Halicarnassus,Lygdamis I (Λύγδαμις Α')[6][7][8] and her mother was from the island ofCrete.[9][10] She took the throne after the death of her husband, as she had a son, namedPisindelis (Πισίνδηλις), who was still a youth.[11][12] Artemisia's grandson,Lygdamis II (Λύγδαμις Β'), was the satrap of Halicarnassus whenHerodotus was exiled from there and the poetPanyasis (Πανύασις) was sentenced to death, after the unsuccessful uprising against him.
According toThessalus, the King of Persia demandedearth and water from the Coans in 493 BC but they refused, and so he gave the island to Artemisia to be wasted. Artemisia led a fleet of ships toCos to slaughter the Coans, but Thessalus claimed that Zeus intervened and Artemisia's ships were destroyed by lightning, and she was forced to retreat.[13] However, she later returned and conquered them.[14]
Xerxes was induced by the message ofThemistocles to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to thePeloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. Artemisia was the only one of Xerxes' naval commanders to advise against the action, then went on to earn her king's praise for her leadership in action during his fleet's defeat by the Greeks at theBattle of Salamis (September, 480 BC).
Before the battle of Salamis, Xerxes gathered all his naval commanders and sentMardonios to ask whether or not he should fight a naval battle.[15]All the commanders advised him to fight a naval battle except Artemisia.[16]
As Herodotus tells it, she told Mardonios:
Tell the King to spare his ships and not do a naval battle because our enemies are much stronger than us in the sea, as men are to women. And why does he need to risk a naval battle? Athens for which he did undertake this expedition is his and the rest of Greece too. No man can stand against him and they who once resisted, were destroyed.[17]
If Xerxes chose not to rush into a naval encounter, but instead kept his ships close to the shore and either stayed there or moved them towards thePeloponnese, victory would be his. The Greeks can't hold out against him for very long. They will leave for their cities, because they don't have food in store on this island, as I have learned, and when our army will march against the Peloponnese they who have come from there will become worried and they will not stay here to fight to defend Athens.[18]
But if he hurries to engage I am afraid that the navy will be defeated and the land-forces will be weakened as well. In addition, he should also consider that he has certain untrustworthy allies, like theEgyptians, theCyprians, theKilikians and thePamphylians, who are completely useless.[19]
Xerxes was pleased with her advice and while he already held her in great esteem he now praised her further. Despite this, he gave orders to follow the advice of the rest of his commanders. Xerxes thought that at the naval battle of Artemisium his men acted like cowards because he was not there to watch them. But this time he would watch the battle himself to ensure they would act bravely.[20]
Plutarch, inOn the Malice of Herodotus, believe that Herodotus wrote that because he just wanted verses in order to make Artemisia look like aSibyl, who was prophesying of things to come.[21]
.JPG)
Artemisia participated in the Battle of Salamis in September, 480 BC as a Persian ally. She led the forces ofHalicarnassos,Cos,Nisyros andCalyndos (Κάλυνδος) (Calyndos was on the southwest coast ofAsia Minor across fromRhodes), and supplied five ships. The ships she brought had the second best reputation in the whole fleet, next to the ones fromSidon.[22]
Her involvement in the campaign was described byHerodotus:
Artemisia, who moves me to marvel greatly that a woman should have gone with the armament against Hellas; for her husband being dead, she herself had his sovereignty and a young son withal, and followed the host under no stress of necessity, but of mere high-hearted valour. Artemisia was her name; she was daughter to Lygdamis, on her father's side of Halicarnassian lineage, and a Cretan on her mother's. She was the leader of the men of Halicarnassus and Cos and Nisyrus and Calydnos, furnishing five ships. Her ships were reputed the best in the whole fleet after the ships of Sidon; and of all his allies she gave the king the best counsels. The cities, whereof I said she was the leader, are all of Dorian stock, as I can show, the Halicarnassians being of Troezen, and the rest of Epidaurus.
— Herodotus VII.99.[23]
According to Herodotus, during the battle, and while the Persian fleet was facing defeat, an Athenian ship pursued Artemisia's ship and she was not able to escape, because in front of her were friendly ships. She decided to charge against a friendly ship manned by people of Calyndos and on which the king of the CalyndiansDamasithymos (Δαμασίθυμος) was located. The Calyndian ship sank.[24] Herodotus is uncertain but offers the possibility that Artemisia had previously had a disagreement with Damasithymos at theHellespont.[25]
According toPolyaenus, when Artemisia saw that she was near to falling into the hands of the Greeks, she ordered the Persian colours to be taken down, and the master of the ship to bear down upon and attack a Persian vessel of the Calyndian allies, which was commanded by Damasithymus, that was passing by her.[26][27]
When the captain of the Athenian ship,Ameinias,[28] saw her charge against a Persian ship, he turned his ship away and went after others, supposing that the ship of Artemisia was either a Greek ship or was deserting from the Persians and fighting for the Greeks.[29][30]
Herodotus believed that Ameinias did not know that Artemisia was on the ship, because otherwise he would not have ceased his pursuit until either he had captured her or had been captured himself, because "orders had been given to the Athenian captains, and moreover a prize was offered of ten thousand drachmas for the man who should take her alive; since they thought it intolerable that a woman should make an expedition against Athens."[31]
Polyaenus in his work Stratagems (Greek:Στρατηγήματα) reports that Artemisia had in her ship two different standards. When she chased a Greek ship, she hoisted the Persian colours. But when she was chased by a Greek ship, she hoisted the Greek colours, so that the enemy might mistake her for a Greek and give up the pursuit.[32]
While Xerxes was overseeing the battle from his throne, which was at the foot ofMount Aigaleo, he observed the incident and he and the others who were present thought that Artemisia had attacked and sunk a Greek ship. One of the men who was next to Xerxes said to him: "Master, see Artemisia, how well she is fighting, and how she sank even now a ship of the enemy" and Xerxes then responded: "My men have become women; and my women, men." None of the crew of the Calyndian ship survived to be able to accuse her otherwise.[33] According to Polyaenus, when Xerxes saw her sink the ship, he said: "O Zeus, surely you have formed women out of man's materials, and men out of woman's."[34]
Photius writes that a man called Draco (Greek:∆ράκων), who was the son of Eupompus (Greek:Εύπομπος) ofSamos, was in the service of Xerxes for a thousandtalents. He had very good eyesight and could easily see at twentystades. He described to Xerxes what he saw from the battle and Artemisia's bravery.[35]
Plutarch, in his workParallel Lives (Greek:Βίοι Παράλληλοι) at the part which mentionsThemistocles, says that it was Artemisia who recognised the body of Ariamenes (Ἀριαμένης) (Herodotus says that his name wasAriabignes), brother of Xerxes and admiral of the Persian navy, floating amongst the shipwrecks, and brought the body back to Xerxes.[36]
.jpg)
After the battle, according to Polyaenus, Xerxes acknowledged her to have excelled above all the officers in the fleet and sent her a complete suit of Greek armour; he also presented the captain of her ship with adistaff and spindle.[40][41]
According to Herodotus, after the defeat, Xerxes presented Artemisia with two possible courses of action and asked her which she recommended. Either he would lead troops to the Peloponnese himself, or he would withdraw from Greece and leave his generalMardonius in charge. Artemisia suggested to him that he should retreat back toAsia Minor and she advocated the plan suggested by Mardonius, who requested 300,000 Persian soldiers with which he would defeat the Greeks in Xerxes' absence.[42]
According to Herodotus she replied:
I think that you should retire and leave Mardonius behind with those whom he desires to have. If he succeeds, the honour will be yours because your slaves performed it. If on the other hand, he fails, it would be no great matter as you would be safe and no danger threatens anything that concerns your house. And while you will be safe the Greeks will have to pass through many difficulties for their own existence. In addition, if Mardonius were to suffer a disaster who would care? He is just your slave and the Greeks will have but a poor triumph. As for yourself, you will be going home with the object for your campaign accomplished, for you have burnt Athens.[43]
Xerxes followed her advice, leaving Mardonius to conduct the war in Greece. He sent her toEphesus to take care of his illegitimate sons.[44] On the other hand, Plutarch mocks Herodotus' writing, since he thinks that Xerxes would have brought women with him fromSusa, in case his son needed female attendants.[21]
A legend, quoted byPhotius,[45] some 13 centuries later, claims that Artemisia fell in love with a man fromAbydos (Ancient Greek:Ἄβῡδος), named Dardanus (Greek:Δάρδανος), and when he ignored her, she blinded him while he was sleeping, but her love for him increased. An oracle told her to jump from the top of the rock ofLeucas, as those who leapt from this rock were said to be cured from the passion of love. However, she was killed after she jumped from the rock and buried near the spot. According to a legend,Sappho killed herself jumping from these cliffs too, because she was in love withPhaon.
Artemisia was succeeded by her sonPisindelis, who became the new tyrant of Caria.[46] He would himself later be succeeded by his sonLygdamis.[46]
Herodotus admired Artemisia, despite her support of Persia. He praised her decisiveness and intelligence, and emphasised her strategies under Xerxes' as his Grand Admiral.
Polyaenus says that Xerxes spoke highly of her gallantry. He also in the eighth book of his workStratagems, mentions that when Artemisia (he may have referred to Artemisia I, but most probably he referred toArtemisia II) wanted to conquerLatmus, she placed soldiers in ambush near the city and she, with women, eunuchs and musicians, celebrated a sacrifice at the grove of the Mother of the Gods, which was about sevenstades distant from the city. When the inhabitants of Latmus came out to see the magnificent procession, the soldiers entered the city and took possession of it.[47]
Justin in theHistory of the World mentioned that she "was fighting with the greatest gallantry among the foremost leaders; so that you might have seen womanish fear in a man, and manly boldness in a woman."[48]
On the other hand,Thessalus, a son ofHippocrates, described her in a speech as a cowardlypirate.[49]
Aristophanes mentioned Artemisia in his worksLysistrata[50] andThesmophoriazusae.[51]
Pausanias, in the third book of his workDescription of Greece (Greek:Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις), entitledLaconia (Greek:Λακωνικά) mentioned that in the marketplace ofSparta the most striking monument was the portico which they calledPersian (Greek:στοὰ Περσικὴν), because it was made from spoils taken in the Persian wars. Over time, the Spartans altered it until it became very large and splendid. On the pillars were white-marble figures of Persians, includingMardonius. There was also a figure of Artemisia.[52][53][54]
Also, the encyclopedia called theSuda mentioned Artemisia.[55]
.jpg)
Several modern ships were named after Artemisia. An Iranian destroyer (Persian: ناوشکن) purchased during thePahlavi dynasty was namedArtemis in her honour.[56] This destroyer was the largest ship in the Iranian Navy. The previous name of the Greekferryboat,Panagia Skiadeni, wasArtemisia (ex-Star A, Orient Star and Ferry Tachibana).[57]
The Artemisia Cultural Association of the municipality ofNea Alikarnassos inCrete, founded in 1979, is named after Queen Artemisia.[58]
In the 1962 filmThe 300 Spartans Artemisia is portrayed byAnne Wakefield.
Artemisia appears inGore Vidal's 1981 (and 2002 release) historical novelCreation. In Vidal's depiction, she had a long relationship with the Persian general Mardonius, who at some periods lived in Halicarnassus and acted unofficially as her consort – but that she refused to marry him, determined to preserve her independence.
In the 2014 film300: Rise of an Empire Artemisia is featured as commander of the invading navy that the Greeks must fight, and serves as the main antagonist. She is portrayed byEva Green.[59][60]
The historian Dr. Roy Casagranda wrote a historical fiction novel about Artemsia entitledThe Blood Throne of Caria.[61]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Rulers in theAchaemenid Empire | ||
|---|---|---|
Family tree - Achaemenid Kingdom | ||
| Kings of Kings of theAchaemenid Empire |  | |
| Satraps ofLydia | ||
| Satraps ofHellespontine Phrygia | ||
| Satraps ofCappadocia | ||
| Greek Governors ofAsia Minor cities | ||
| Dynasts ofLycia | ||
| Dynasts ofCaria | ||
| Kings ofMacedonia | ||
| Kings of Tyre | ||
| Kings of Sidon |
| |
| Satraps ofArmenia | ||
| Satraps ofEgypt | ||
| Satraps ofBactria | ||
| Satraps ofMedia | ||
| Satraps ofCilicia | ||
| Other known satraps | ||
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded byHellenistic satraps andHellenistic rulers from around 330 BC | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
