 | This articlepossibly containsoriginal research. Pleaseimprove it byverifying the claims made and addinginline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.(April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Anapplication for employment is a standard business document that is prepared with questions deemed relevant byemployers. It is used to determine the bestcandidate to fill a specific role within the company. Most companies provide suchforms to anyone upon request, at which point it becomes the responsibility of the applicant to complete the form and return it to the employer for consideration. The completed and returned document notifies the company of the applicant's availability and desire to be employed as well as their qualifications and background so that a determination can be made as to the candidate's suitability to the position.
From the employer's perspective, the application serves a number of purposes. These vary depending on the nature of the job and the preferences of the person responsible for hiring, as "each organization should have an application form that reflects its own environment".[2] At a minimum, an application usually requires the applicant to provide information sufficient to demonstrate that they are legally permitted to be employed. The typical application also requires the applicant to provide information regarding relevantskills,education, andexperience (previous employment orvolunteer work). The application itself is a minor test of the applicant'sliteracy,penmanship, andcommunication skills. A careless job applicant might disqualify themselves with a poorly filled-out application.
The application may also require the applicant to disclose anycriminal record and to provide information sufficient to enable the employer to conduct an appropriatebackground check. For a business that employs workers on apart-time basis, the application may inquire as to the applicant's availability at specific times and/or days and preferences in this regard. Employers may be prohibited from asking applicants about characteristics that are not relevant to the job, such as their political view orsexual orientation.[2][3]
Forwhite collar jobs, particularly those requiring communication skills, the employer will typically require applicants to accompany the form with acover letter and arésumé.[4] However, even employers who accept a cover letter and résumé will frequently also require the applicant to complete an application form, as the other documents may neglect to mention specific details of importance to the employer.[5][6] In some instances, an application is effectively used to dissuade "walk-in" applicants, serving as a barrier between the applicant and ajob interview with the person who has the authority to hire.[7]
For many businesses, applications for employment can be filled out online, rather than submitted in person. However, it is still recommended that applicants bring a printed copy of their application to an interview.[8]
Application forms are the second most common hiring instrument next to personal interviews.[9] Companies will occasionally use two types of application forms, short and long.[citation needed] They help companies with initial screeningand the longer form can be used for other purposes as well[clarify]. The answers that applicants choose to submit are helpful to the company because they can potentially become an interview question for that applicant.
The employment application is not a standardized form, so every company may create its own as long asregulations set by the government are adhered to.
At a minimum, applications usually ask the applicant for their name, phone number, and address. In addition, applications may also ask for previous employment information, educational background, emergency contacts, and references, as well as any special skills the applicant might have.
The three categories of information that application fields are very useful for discovering are physical characteristics, experience, and environmental factors.
If the company has abona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) to ask regarding a physical condition, they may ask questions about it.[citation needed] For example:
The job requires a lot of physical labor. Do you have any physical problems that may interfere with this job?
Experience requirements can be separated into two groups on an application: work experience and educational background.[10] Educational background is important because it allows a potential employer to evaluate an applicants' performance in school as well as make determinations as to personality and intelligence. Work experience is important because it will inform a potential employer if the applicant meets their specific needs. Companies are usually interested when applicants were unemployed, when/why the applicant left their previous job and their highest position at their previous job.
Companies may be interested in the applicant'ssocial environment because it can inform them of their personality, interests, and qualities.[11] For example, if they are extremely active within an organization, that may demonstrate their ability to communicate well with others. Being in management may demonstrate their leadership ability as well as their determination.
Customs vary from country to country when it comes to the inclusion or non-inclusion of aphotograph of the applicant. In many English-speaking countries, notably the United States, this is not customary, and books or websites giving recommendations about how to design an application typically advise against it unless explicitly requested by the employer.[12] In other countries (for instance, Germany), the inclusion of a photograph of the applicant is still common, and many employers would consider an application incomplete without it.
InFrance, the2006 Equal Opportunities Act [fr] requires companies with more than 50 employees to request an anonymous application (CV anonyme).
The job application is calledBewerbung in Germany and usually consists of three parts: theAnschreiben (cover letter), theLebenslauf (curriculum vitae (CV)) and theZeugnisse (references). TheAnschreiben is used to convince the employer to submit an invitation for ajob interview. It must be in paper sizeDIN A4, not exceed one page, have a handwrittensignature, and be accompanied by aLebenslauf andZeugnisse. TheLebenslauf is documented in reverse chronological order and should give information on work experience, education andprofessional training as well as an applicant's skills. In Germany, theLebenslauf usually includes a photograph calledBewerbungsfoto. Some employers, mainly governmental organisations, deliberately neglect thephotograph to ensure a higher degree of objectivity in the course of assessment procedures. TheLebenslauf should be two pages long. In general, there are two options of submitting a job application in Germany: a job application folder (Bewerbungsmappe) or online (Onlinebewerbung). According to a study, theOnlinebewerbung was more favored in Germany than theBewerbungsmappe by 2012.[13]
The CV is the most important part of the application and should not be longer than two to three pages. It is divided into three areas:
In chronological order:
In reverse chronological order:
The cover letter (La Lettera di accompagnamento al curriculum) is relatively short, polite and formal in Italian applications. Long versions and extensively explained motivations, as well as photos and copies of certificates, are presented only at the interview.
In Spain, the application consists of two parts: the cover letter (Carta de Candidatura) and the CV. No work or training certificates are attached. The cover letter should be short and contain the reason for applying. The CV should be structured in a tabular form. In Spain, multiple job interviews with the same company are common.[citation needed]
Job applications are known to be used by hackers to get employees to openattachments or links or connectUSB sticks withmalware. As companies typically have more financial resources than private individuals, they are often a target ofcyberextortion.[14][15] Ransomware such as "Petya"[16][17] and "GoldenEye"[18][19][20][21] were discovered to exploit job applications.Cyberespionage and attacks oncritical infrastructure-related companies may be other reasons for such attacks and other than ransomware attacks may leave employees in the dark about their computer or network infection.[22][23][24] The best method for mitigating such risks would be to have theHR department use a separate computer for job applications that is entirely disconnected from theinternal network, on which no confidential or valuable information is stored and to which no portable devices such as USB sticks that may get connected to other computers of the company are connected.
