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The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as working language in 1536, three years beforeFrance itself.[1] French has been the official language of theAosta Valley since 1561, when it replacedLatin.[2] In the 1861 census, the first held after the unification of Italy, 93% declared being Francophone; in 1921, the last census with a question about language found that 88% of the population was French-speaking.[3] The suppression of all French-language schools and institutions and violence against French speakers during the forcibleItalianisation campaign of theFascist government irretrievably damaged the status of French in the region. Italian and French are nowadays the region'sofficial languages[4] and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life, and French is mostly used by intellectuals and within cultural events. Though French was re-introduced as an official language after World War II, by 2003 just 0.99% reported speakingstandard French natively. French remains widely known as a second language, but it is no longer spoken as part of daily life.[5] In 2001, 75.41% of the population of Aosta Valley was French-speaking, 96.01% declared to knowItalian, 55.77%Arpitan, and 50.53% all of them.[6] School education is delivered equally in both Italian and French so that everyone who went to school in Aosta Valley can speak French and Italian at least at a medium-high level.
(in French) Jean-Pierre Martin,Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste, éd. Musumeci,Quart, 1984 (source)
(in French) Alexis Bétemps,La langue française en Vallée d'Aoste de 1945 à nos jours T.D.L.,Milan
(in French)Jules Brocherel,Le Patois et la langue française en Vallée d'Aoste éd. V. Attinger,Neuchâtel
(in French)La minorité linguistique valdôtaine, éd. Musumeci,Quart (1968).
(in French) Rosellini Aldo,La francisation de la Vallée d'Aoste, dansStudi medio latini e volgari, vol. XVIII, 1958.
(in French) Keller, Hans-Erich,Études linguistiques sur les parlers valdôtains, éd. A. Francke S.A., Berne, 1958.
(in French) Schüle, Ernest,Histoire linguistique de la Vallée d'Aoste, dansBulletin du Centre d'Études francoprovençales n° 22, Imprimerie Valdôtaine, Aoste, 1990.
(in French) Favre, Saverio,Histoire linguistique de la Vallée d'Aoste, dansEspace, temps et culture en Vallée d'Aoste, Imprimerie Valdôtaine, Aoste, 1996.
(in French)François-Gabriel Frutaz,Les origines de la langue française en Vallée d'Aoste, Imprimerie Marguerettaz, Aoste, 1913.
(in French) Mgr.Joseph-Auguste Duc,La langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste, Saint-Maurice, 1915.
(in French)Anselme Réan,La phase initiale de la guerre contre la langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste, Ivrée, 1923.
(in French)
(in French)Bérard, Édouard,La langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste : réponse à M. le chevalier Vegezzi-Ruscalla, Aoste, 1861 (rééd. 1962).
(in French) Bétemps, Alexis,Les Valdôtains et leur langue, avant-propos d'Henri Armand, Imprimerie Duc, Aoste, 1979.
^Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture de la région autonome Vallée d'Aoste - Département de la surintendance des écoles,Profil de la politique linguistique éducative, Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20.
