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Antiochus VII Euergetes (Greek:Ἀντίοχος Ευεργέτης;c. 164/160 BC[1] – 129 BC), nicknamedSidetes (Greek:Σιδήτης) (fromSide, a city in Asia Minor), also known asAntiochus the Pious,[2] was ruler of theHellenisticSeleucid Empire from July/August 138 to 129 BC.[3] He was the last Seleucid king of any stature. After Antiochus was killed in battle, the Seleucid realm was restricted toSyria.
In his nine-year reign, Antiochus made some effort to undo the massive territorial and authority losses of recent decades. Antiochus defeated the usurperDiodotus Tryphon atDora[4] and laid siege toJerusalem in 134 BC. During the siege he allowed a seven-day truce for the Jews to celebrate a religious festival, impressing the Jewish leadership.[5] According toJosephus[6] theHasmonean leaderJohn Hyrcanus opened KingDavid's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents, which he then paid Antiochus to spare the city. Nevertheless, King Antiochus' respectful treatment of the Jews, and respect for their religion, earned him their gratitude and added nameEuergetes ("the Benefactor"). With no Jewish sources of that time (the Book of Maccabees ends a few years before his time), it is unclear if the siege of Jerusalem ended with a decisive Seleucid victory or simply a peace treaty. Furthermore, Jewish forces later assisted Antiochus in his wars, and for nearly 20 years after his death, John Hyrcanus refrained from attacking areas under Seleucid control.
Antiochus spent the final years of his life attempting to reclaim the lost eastern territories, overrun by theParthians under their "Great King",Mithridates I. Marching east, with what would prove to be the last great Seleucid royal army (including a unit of Judean troops underJohn Hyrcanus), he defeated Mithridates in two battles. He restoredMesopotamia,Babylonia andMedia to the Seleucid empire, before dispersing his army into winter quarters.
The Seleucid king and army spent the winter feasting, hunting and drinking (the Seleucids maintained the Macedonian tradition of heavy drinking). As with any time an army is quartered upon a population, tensions soon grew between the locals and the Syrian troops.
The new Parthian ruler,Phraates II, had not been idle. He raised a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media. Hoping to further sow dissension amongst his foes, Phraates also released his long-held prisoner,Demetrius II, Antiochus' older brother, who returned to Syria to reclaim the throne.
That winter (130–129 BC), several Median towns rose in rebellion and attacked their Seleucid garrisons. Antiochus marched to support one such isolated garrison with only a small force (probably only his Royal Guards). In a barren valley, he was ambushed and killed in theBattle of Ecbatana by Phraates II and a large force of Parthians, who had entered the country without being detected. Most Greco-Roman historians state that Antiochus died in battle; the victorious Parthians claimed that he killed himself because of fear, an assertion also made byAppian.[7]
Silver coin of Antiochus VII Sidetes, with the reverse showing seatedTyche holdingcornucopia. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ,Basileōs Antiochou Euergetou, "of king Antiochus, the benefactor."
Antiochus's confirmed heir wasAntiochus IX Cyzicenus. But a fragment from book 16 ofPosidonius' "Histories", which survives in theDeipnosophistae written byAthenaeus, mentions a king named Seleucus, who was captured in Media by king Arsaces and treated like royalty. The identity of this Seleucus have been a matter of debate; the possibility of Seleucus being a son of Antiochus VII captured after the death of his father is suggested byFelix Jacoby and, with reservations, by Ian G. Kidd.[8]
^A birth year of Antiochus can be deduced from a statement in the "Chronicle" of Eusebius of Caesarea , which refers to a historical work of the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry as a source. It states that the king was 35 years old when he died.
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