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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 100,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| MainlyBuenos Aires[citation needed] | |
| Languages | |
| Argentine Spanish · Rioplatense Spanish · English (minority)[citation needed] | |
| Religion | |
| Catholicism,Protestantism (Episcopalianism,Methodism,Presbyterianism)[citation needed] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Scottish Argentines,Welsh Argentines,Irish Argentines |
| Part of a series on |
| English people |
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| Culture |
| Music |
| Language |
| Cuisine |
| Dance |
| Religion |
| People |
| Diaspora |
| Part of a series of articles on |
| British Latin Americans |
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| Groups |
| Languages |
English Argentines (also known asAnglo-Argentines) are citizens ofArgentina or the children of Argentine citizens brought up in Argentina, who can claim ancestry originating in England.[citation needed] The English settlement in Argentina (the arrival of English emigrants)[2] took place in the period after Argentina's independence from Spain through the 19th century. Unlike many other waves ofimmigration to Argentina, English immigrants were not usually leaving England because of poverty or persecution, but went to Argentina asindustrialists and majorlandowners.[2]
The United Kingdom had a strong economic influence in Argentina during theVictorian period.[3]However the position of English Argentines was complicated when their economic influence was finally eroded byJuan Perón's nationalisation of many British-owned companies in the 1940s and then by theFalklands War in 1982. Notable Argentines such as presidents of ArgentinaRaúl Alfonsín andCarlos Pellegrini, adventurerLucas Bridges,Huracan football club former player and presidentCarlos Babington and writerJorge Luis Borges are partially of English descent.[citation needed]
English settlers arrived in Buenos Aires in 1806 (then a Spanish colony) in small numbers, mostly as businessmen, when Argentina was an emerging nation and the settlers were welcomed for the stability they brought to commercial life. As the 19th century progressed more English families arrived, and many bought land to develop the potential of the Argentine pampas for the large-scale growing of crops. The English founded banks, developed the export trade in crops and animal products and imported the luxuries that the growing Argentine middle classes sought.[4]
As well as those who went to Argentina as industrialists and major landowners, others went asrailway engineers, civil engineers and to work in banking and commerce.[2] Others went to becomewhalers,missionaries and simply to seek out a future. English families sent second and younger sons, or what were described as theblack sheep of the family, to Argentina to make their fortunes in cattle and wheat. English settlers introducedfootball to Argentina.[3] Some English families ownedsugar plantations.[2]
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In 1825, the United Kingdom recognised theindependence of the United Provinces of South America. English arrivals and investment played a large part in the development of Argentine railway and tramway lines, and alsoArgentine agriculture, livestock breeding, processing, refrigeration and export.[5] At one point in the 19th century, ten per cent of British foreign investment was in Argentina, despite not being a colony. In 1939, 39% of investment in Argentina was British.[6]
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English culture, or a version of it as perceived from outside, had a noted effect on theculture of Argentina, mainly in the middle classes. In 1888 local Anglo-Argentines established theHurlingham Club, based onits namesake in London. The city ofHurlingham, Buenos Aires andHurlingham Partido in Buenos Aires Province later grew up around the club and took their names from it. TheCórdoba Athletic Club, one of the oldest sports clubs in Argentina, was founded in 1882 by English men who lived in Córdoba working for the railways.[citation needed]
In 1912 the well-known Londondepartment storeHarrods opened astore in Buenos Aires; the only Harrods ever opened outside London.Harrods Buenos Aires became independent of Harrods in the 1940s, but still traded under the Harrods name.
Afternoon tea became standard amongst large segments of the population and generated the popularmerienda, an afternoon snack also known simply asla leche (milk) because it was served with tea or chocolate milk along with sweets. The Richmond café onFlorida Street is a notable tea venue near the Harrods department store, now an exhibition hall.[1]
Gardenedchalets built by railway executives nearrailway stations in suburbs includingBanfield,Temperley,Munro,Ranelagh and Hurlingham gave a pointed English atmosphere to local areas in Buenos Aires, especially in winter when shrouded in grey mists and fallen oak leaves over cobblestones. Belgrano R, within theBelgrano district, is another train station known for the British neighbourhood around it originated by the railway. An Anglican church from 1896 and theBuenos Aires English High School founded byAlexander Watson Hutton in 1884 are both in this area.[7] Also important are the railway terminalsRetiro inRetiro neighbourhood andConstitución. There are numerous countryside stations in thePampas.
Around 100,000 Anglo-Argentines are the descendants of English immigrants to Argentina.[1] They are one of the most successful immigrant groups of Argentina, gaining prominence in commerce, industry, and the professions. Many speak fluent English at home. An English-language newspaper, theBuenos Aires Herald, was published daily inBuenos Aires from 1876 to 2017.
Anglo-Argentines have traditionally differed from their fellow Argentines by largely retaining strong ties with their mother country, including education and commerce.[8] There are manyschools in Argentina that arebilingual, offering a British curriculum in English and the standard Argentine curriculum in Spanish, includingNorthlands School,St. Mark's College, Balmoral College, St. Alban's College,St. George's College,Belgrano Day School andWashington School. Buenos Aires had a number of branches of the Asociación Argentina de Cultura Inglesa (English Cultural Association), and throughout the 20th centuryEnglish language learning and teaching in state schools and private institutions was invariably geared towards theReceived Pronunciation. Many private boys' schools have a uniform of blue blazers and grey flannel trousers.
The Anglo-Argentine Society, based in London, was founded in 1948 and has about 900 members. It is a society for Argentine people living in the United Kingdom, particularly those of Anglo-Argentine heritage. One of its main aims is to promote understanding and friendship between the two countries.[9] Also in London is theCanning Club, formerly the Argentine Club untilJuan Perónnationalised Argentine-based British businesses, the main source of revenue of the club in the 1940s. The club is for those with a particular link to, or special interest in, Argentina and other Latin American countries.
TheCoghlan neighbourhood in Buenos Aires, known for its large English-style residences, was originally inhabited by English and Irish immigrants.Caballito contains an area called the "English District".[citation needed]
In 1794, theBritish Empire opened a consulate inSan Nicolás,[citation needed] leading to the development of a large British community in the area, which became known as the "English borough". They founded the English Merchants' Society in 1810 and in 1822 the British Consulate became home to the first modern bank in Buenos Aires.
DuringWorld War II, 4,000 Argentines served with all threeBritish armed services, even though Argentina was officially a neutral country during the war.[10][11] Over 600 Argentine volunteers served with both theRoyal Air Force and theRoyal Canadian Air Force, mostly in the164 Argentine-British RAF squadron,[12] whose shield bore the sun from theflag of Argentina and themotto,"Determined We Fly (Firmes Volamos)".[10] Many members of the Anglo-Argentine community also volunteered in non-combat roles, or worked to raise money and supplies for British troops. In April 2005, a special remembrance service was held at the RAF church ofSt Clement Danes in London.[11]
Nearly 500 Argentines served in the Royal Navy around the world, from the North Atlantic to the South Pacific.[13][verification needed] Many were part of the special forces,[citation needed] such asJohn Godwin.
When considering the British response to the Argentine landing on theFalkland Islands in 1982, at the start of theFalklands War, the British Prime Minister,Margaret Thatcher, was advised of the potential risk that a military response might pose to Anglo-Argentines.[14] However, the risk did not materialise and people with a British background were not endangered. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off that year, and were normalised in 1990.[15]
A number of towns, villages and cities have English place names. These includeBanfield which is named afterEdward Banfield.Wilde, Buenos Aires, named in 1888 by Eduardo Wilde in honour of his uncle Dr. José Antonio Wilde, who was an English Argentine.[16]
English railway workers fromNorthern England founded theBuenos Aires Football Club on 9 May 1867 in Temple Street (now Viamonte) at a meeting organised by brothers Thomas and James Hogg who were originally fromYorkshire. The first football match to be played in Argentina was played at the Buenos Aires Cricket Club inPalermo, Buenos Aires on 20 June 1867. The match was played between two teams of British merchants, the White Caps and the Red Caps.[17]
Britishfootball clubs tours over South America contributed to the spread and develop of football in the region during the first years of the 20th century. The first club to tour on the region wasSouthampton F.C. in 1904, followed by several teams (mainly from England although some Scotland clubs also visited South America) until 1929 withChelsea F.C. being the last team to tour.[18]
Further examples of clubs established by British immigrants to South America areBelgrano A.C.,Rosario A.C.,Alumni,Quilmes,[19][20] andNewell's Old Boys.
Anglican churches were established in Argentina, where the religion is otherwise overwhelminglyCatholic, in the early 19th century to give a chaplaincy service to expatriate workers living in Argentina. In 1824 permission was given to hold Anglican church services, and in 1831 St. John's Church was built inSan Nicolás, Buenos Aires[2][21] on land donated in 1830 by GovernorJuan Manuel de Rosas for the benefit of the newSt. John the Baptist Anglican Church. It is the oldest in existence in Buenos Aires.
English naval captain andChristian missionary,Allen Gardiner founded thePatagonia Mission (later renamed the South American Missionary Society) in 1844 to recruit, send, and support Protestant Christian missionaries. His first mission, which included a surgeon and three fishermen was sent to theYaghans on the island ofIsla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. They arrived atPicton island inTierra del Fuego in December 1850, but their food began to run out; the supplies they had expected did not arrive, and by September 1851 they had died from sickness and hunger. The Patagonia Mission continued and in 1854 changed its name to the South American Missionary Society.[2]
In January 1869 the Society established a mission atUshuaia in Tierra del Fuego under its superintendent,Waite Hockin Stirling.[22] On 21 December 1869 Stirling was ordained atWestminster Abbey as the firstBishop of the Falkland Islands and at the time had episcopal authority over the whole of South America, until authority was transferred to theBishop of Argentina.[21] In 1914 the first mission, Misión Chaqueña, was founded in the north of Argentina.
The Anglican Diocese of Argentina is part of theAnglican Province of the Southern Cone of America and is headed by the current bishop of Argentina.[23]
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