Amphibious fish arefish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. About 11 distantly relatedgenera of fish are considered amphibious. This suggests that many fish genera independentlyevolved amphibious traits, a process known asconvergent evolution. These fish use a range of methods for land movement, such aslateral undulation,tripod-like walking (using pairedfins andtail), and jumping. Many of these methods of locomotion incorporate multiple combinations ofpectoral-,pelvic-, and tail-fin movement.
Many ancient fish hadlung-likeorgans, and a few, such as thelungfish andbichir, still do. Some of these ancient "lunged" fish were theancestors oftetrapods. In most recent fishspecies, though, these organs evolved into theswim bladders, which help controlbuoyancy. Having no lung-like organs, modern amphibious fish and many fish inoxygen-poor water use other methods, such as theirgills or theirskin to breathe air. Amphibious fish may also haveeyes adapted to allow them to see clearly in air, despite therefractive index differences between air and water.
Lungfish (Dipnoi): Six species havelimb-like fins, and can breathe air. Some are obligate air breathers, meaning they will drown if not given access to breathe air. All but one species bury in the mud when the body of water they live in dries up, surviving up to two years until water returns.
Bichir (Polypteridae): These 12 species are the onlyray-finned fish to retain lungs. They are facultative air breathers, requiring access to surface air to breathe in poorly oxygenated water.[1]
Mudskippers (Oxudercinae): This subfamily ofgobies is probably the most land-adapted of fish. Mudskippers are found inmangrove swamps in Africa and theIndo-Pacific; they frequently come onto land, and can survive in air for up to 3-1/2 days.[5] Mudskippers breathe through their skin and through the lining of the mouth (themucosa) and throat (thepharynx). This requires the mudskipper to be wet, limiting them to humid habitats. This mode of breathing, similar to that employed by amphibians, is known as cutaneous breathing. They propel themselves over land on their sturdy fore fins. Some of them are also able to climb trees and skip atop the surface of the water.[6]
Mangrovekillifish (Mangrove rivulus): It can survive for about two months on land, where it breathes through its skin.
Eels: Some eels, such as theEuropean eel and theAmerican eel, can live for an extended time out of water and can also crawl on land if the soil is moist. ThemorayEchidna catenata sometimes leaves the water to forage.[7]
Swamp eels, which are not true eels, can absorb oxygen through their highly vascularized mouths and pharynges, and in some cases (e.g.,Monopterus rongsaw) through their skin.
Snakehead fish (Channidae): This family of fish consists of obligate air breathers, using their suprabranchial organs, which are a primitivelabyrinth organ. Thenorthern snakehead ofEastern Asia can "walk" on land by wriggling and using its pectoral fins, which allows it to move between the slow-moving, and often stagnant and temporary bodies of water in which it lives.
Airbreathing catfish (Clariidae): Amphibious species of this family may venture onto land in wet weather, such as theeel catfish (Channallabes apus), which lives in swamps in Africa, and is known to hunt beetles on land.[8]
Labyrinth fish (Anabantoidei). This suborder of fish also use a labyrinth organ to breathe air. Some species from this group can move on land. Amphibious fish from this family are theclimbing perches, African and Southeast Asian fish that are capable of moving from pool to pool over land by using theirpectoral fins,caudal peduncle, and gill covers as a means of locomotion.Climbing gourami are said to move at night in groups.[citation needed]
Arapaima are obligate airbreathers that breathe air through a modified swim-bladder.[citation needed]
Knifefish: (Gymnotiformes) some species of Gymnotiformes, otherwise known as the knifefish, are obligate oxygen breathers that require resurfacing in order to survive, such asElectrophorus electricus andGymnotus carapo, the latter of which uses an "esophageal force pump" to siphon air into its lungs for gas exchange.[9][10][11]
^"J.B. Graham Air-breathing fishes. Evolution, diversity and adaptation, xi, 299p. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1997".Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.77 (4): 1265. November 1997.doi:10.1017/s0025315400038893.ISSN0025-3154.
