The massive walls of Amantia were built before the end of the 4th century BC, and literary sources report them as anIllyrian rather thanEpirote orMacedonian foundation. Later Amantia acquired the trappings of aHellenistic town.[4] In 230 BC Amantia became part of the KoinonEpirus.[5] Amantia received sacred ancient Greek envoys, known astheoroi, around the early 2nd century BC, which only cities that were considered Greek were eligible to receive. The time duration that passed before Illyrian cities were documented on a list oftheorodokoi clarifies that acculturation did take place in southern Illyria; however, it indicates that the process was gradual.[6]
Amantia occupied an important defensive position above theAoos/Vjosë river valley to the east, and on the road to the coast and the Bay ofAulon. At the archaeological site of Ploçë, atemple dedicated toAphrodite, a theatre, and astadium have also been found.[7]
Pseudo-Skylax (Periplus. 26) andLycophron (Alexandra. 1043) recorded the toponym Ἀμάντια,Amantia. The Delphic list oftheorodokoi reported the form Ἀβάντια,Abantia. The city-ethnic is recorded as Ἀμάντιεύς,Amantieus by Pseudo Skylax (27).[2] The town's demonym wasAmantieus (Ancient Greek:Ἀμάντιεύς).[2]
The nameAmantia and the tribal nameAmantes have been connected with theAlbanian termamë/ãmë ("river-bed, fountain, spring").[8] It has been suggested that the root morpheme*Amant- was perhaps a "barbarized" version of*Abant- in relation to theAbantes.[9] The nameAmantia is generally accepted asIllyrian.[10] The toponym corresponds toAmantia in southern Italy which is linked to the Illyrian movements via the Adriatic (Iapygians) in antiquity.[11] Ahomonymous Illyrian tribe lived in easternSlavonia.[12]
The earliest of the written sources that recorded the toponymAmantia is thePeriplus of Pseudo-Skylax (4th century BC), mentioning it as a city in Illyria.[13] By listing it as the only site between the twopoleis ofApollonia andOrikos, the account of Pseudo-Skylax suggests that Amantia was somehow important. It seems that in thePeriplus the toponym Amantia denotes the territory rather than the urban center of the polis.[2] It has been suggested that in thePeriplus Orikos is identified as a Greek city placed in the territory of Amantia, the latter being regarded as an Illyrian city.[14] Lycophron'sAlexandra (3rd century BC) attests Amantia as a polis in the urban sense.[2]
A tradition reported byPausanias (2nd century AD) alleges that the settlement was founded byLocrians from nearbyThronium andAbantes fromEuboea.[15]Stephanus Byzantius – based on Pausanias – mentions that Amantia was founded on Illyrian territory by the Euboean Abantes "returning from the Trojan war".[16][17] According to another legend reported byLycophron in hisAlexandra,Elpenor – who actually died at Troy – and the Abantes from Euboea went to the island Othronos and were driven by swarms of snakes to the land of theAtintanes towards the city of Amantia.[18][19] It has been suggested that the data from Pausanias is more in accordance with the settlement of the Euboean colony in Thronion in the coastal site of Triport located in front of theAcroceraunian Mountains northwest ofAulon, not in Amantia in the site of Ploç located south of the Aoos valley in the hinterland of Aulon.[20][21] Pausanias' data have been compared with the information provided by anApollonian commemorative monument, suggesting an "oppositional ethnicity" between the Greek colonial associations of theBay of Aulon (i.e. the area calledAbantis), and the barbarians of the hinterland.[22]
Amantia was located on the territory of theAmantes, who were described as anIllyrian people in thePeriplus of Pseudo-Scylax (mid. 4th century BCE),[23] asEpirotes byProxenos (3rd century B.C) and by Hesychius, and as barbarians byPliny the Elder.[16] It is situated on the slope of a high hill and had only itsacropolis fortified. The massive walls of Amantia are considered of Illyrian foundation and are dated to before the end of the 4th century BC.[4]
The city was built around 450 BC on the site of a proto-urban settlement. Already from the beginning it had a fortified acropolis that was surrounded by a 2.1 km long wall, with also a lower town. The original walls made of irregularly slammedlimestone were renewed in the 4th century withisodomicashlar layers.[24] By the 4th century or later, the indigenous site became a town very much organised on a Greek model, acquiring the trappings of aHellenistic city.[25][4] It has been suggested that in terms of fortifications, masonry and general architecture, language and religion Amantia shares the same features as the rest of the settlements of the Greek world of that time.[26] But it has been also assumed that like other Illyrian cities Amantia, was not apolis of the Greek type.[24] Amantia was among the main cities and tribal centres of Epirus during the Hellenistic period.[27]
At the second half of the 4th century Amantia received sacredtheoroi ambassadors fromArgos, southern Greece, indicator that the locals were treated as Greek.[28] By the 3rd century BC, the town was strengthened economically and minted its own coins. In 230 BC Amantia joined theKoinon of the Epirotes.[29] The fact that Amantia receivedtheoroi from Delphi during the early 2nd century BC, indicates that it was listed among theGreek cities in the area north of theAcroceraunian mountains.[30]
In 168 BC during the3rd Illyrian-Roman War Amantia supported the Roman side. In the middle of the 2nd century BC Amantia was found in alliance with Apollonia, most probably as part of a united pro-Roman policy against various Illyrian states.[31] Following the Roman annexation of the region (148 BC), the city became part of theRoman province ofMacedonia and thenEpirus Novus. Throughout the Roman period, Amantia was acivitas libera.[32] Amantia was among the thriving settlements of Epirus during the last two centuries B.C.[33]
The culture of the region had a language that is not well known, and it seems to have not had its own writing system.[40] Amantia's urban organization occurred at a period of wider evolution among the settlements of the broader area of Epirus as a result of the previous development among Molossian cities.[41] The first inscriptions in Amantia appear in the 4th century BC, during theHellenistic era, and are in Greek. The onomastics are mainly Greek, with some non-Greek names.[42] The local culture readily borrowed iconography and technique from the Greeks.[40] Many cults of Amantia are of the typical Greek pantheon, such asZeus,Aphrodite,Pandemos andPan.[43] The cult of Aphrodite probably dates from the archaic era – with Amantia being in such a case among the first settlements in the region to worship the goddess[44] – or from the Hellenistic era along with the cult ofAthena.[45] The temple of Aphrodite in Amantia is an example of the Hellenistic influence in present-day Albania via contact with the nearby Greek colonies.[46] The cult ofHeracles has been also confirmed in the city.[47] Apollo was also among the prominent deities worshipped in Amantia as in the nearby Corinthian colonies and surrounding settlements in today's northweestern Greece and southern Albania,[48] but also in nearby Molossian towns.[49]
Other cults like that of the male fertility deity are common of southern Illyria.[50] It seems that the iconographies of this deity were derivations of Egyptian or Italic iconographies (Bes-Silenus), mainly from the Greek colony ofTaras, which were widespread in the region from the 4th century BC, but enriched with very stylistic innovations. In theRoman period this deity has undergone transformations mainly of Eastern influence.[51] Some label this deity as the Illyrian god of fertility. In reality, it is futile to approach ancient cults in ethnic or national terms.[40] The South of theAdriatic is clearly a region of religious exchanges, in which facts must be shifted, before considering them to belong to just one culture.[52] TheIllyrian-Greek cult of the nymphs was widespread in the region as well as in Amantia.[53][54] An ancient sanctuary of theeternal fire calledNymphaion was located in an area near Amantia and theAmantes.[55][56] Amantia's prosperity during theHellenistic era could explain the bilingualism of the settlement in that period.[57]
On the basis of language, institutions, officials, onomastics, city-planning and fortifications it has been described as a Greek city by historians N.G.L. Hammond (1989),[58][26] Šašel Kos (1986),[59] Hatzopoulos (1997),[30] Rudolf Haensch (2012),[60] and as a Greek city in southern Illyria, in the territory of the Illyrian tribe ofAmantes byFanula Papazoglou (1986).[61] It has been described as a Hellenized Illyrian city-state by Eckstein (2008), and Lasagni (2019),[62] and as an Illyrian city by Olgita Ceka (2012),[63] and Jaupaj (2019).[64] Winnifrith considered the massive walls of Amantia as of Illyrian rather than Epirote or Macedonian foundation, and that the site later acquired the trappings of a Hellenistic city.[4] Mesihović (2014) has described Amantia as an Illyrian city built and governed according to the Greek model.[65] Papadopoulos (2016) described it as an indigenous site that by the 4th century BC or later developed into a city very much organised on a Greek model.[25] According to Lippert and Matzinger (2021), like other Illyrian cities, Amantia was not apolis of the Greek type.[24]
In theRoman era, the use of Greek by the Romans to address the natives was seen not only as a gesture of good will, but also as an effort to promote rapprochement between those communities.[57] A 2nd century AD bilingual inscription in Greek and Latin dating back toImperial times is found above the fountain of Ploça village. It shows that the establishment of theRoman province of Macedonia in 148 BC led to the installation of Latin-speaking populations as far as Amantia. The bilingual inscription can also testify that in the ancient site of Ploça there was a Latinenclave and that the city prospered around 200 AD; it could also be the nature of the text that required the use of both languages.[66]
The numismatic material unearthed at Amantia shows that the more numerous coins were of republican Epirote origin, followed by coins with the local legend, which were fewer in number. The territorial proximity to thekoinon of the Epirotes explains the predominant role of the coins of this neighbouring state. The symbols that appear on the bronze coins of Amantia areZeus /thunderbolt,Dione /trident, andArtemis /spearhead, which were taken from Epirus. The community of theAmantes seceded from the Epirote state only at the moment of the fall of the monarchy. At the time ofPyrrhus, his sonAlexander II and his descendants, Greater Epirus was still strong and controlled both southernIllyria in the north and part ofAcarnania in the south. In this context it is no wonder that the bronze coins of Amantia, starting from 230 BC, used symbols of the Epirote tradition with which the inhabitants of the city were accustomed, and only the legend on the coins was changed from ΑΠΕΙΡΩΤΑΝ (of the Epirotes) to ΑΜΑΝΤΩΝ (of the Amantes), both written in Greek letters.[67][68]
The organisation of Amantia is quite similar to that of apolis rather than of a federal state.[69]The local official titles and institutions display typical names of a Greek settlement of that time, such as:prytanis (Greek:πρύτανις, "the one that presides"),grammateus (Greek:γραμματεύς, "secretary"), toxarchis,agonothetes and theboule.[16]
The town was surrounded with a walled enclosure roughly 2,100m long. A large fort was built with two gates and two defensive towers in the north.
^abcdWinnifrith 2002, p. 58: "There are however, some other sites in Southern Albania which cannot be attributed to sudden Macedonian or Molossian advance, notably Amantia, Byllis and Selce, thought by some to be Pelium, where Alexander the Great fought a difficult campaign. Their massive walls were constructed before the end of the fourth century, and the literary sources talk of them as Illyrian rather than Epirote or Macedonian foundations. Later Amantia and Byllis acquired the trappings of a Hellenistic town."
^Stocker 2009, p. 309: "The Argive list also included two specific cities in Chaonia, Phoinice and Himara, both of which must have been Greek, but no "Illyrian" cities. A century later, however, on the Delphic list (ca. 220-189 B.C.), Byllis and Abantiai were included among the recipients of a sacred envoy.1102 The length of time that elapsed before Illyrian cities were recorded on a list of theorodokoi makes it clear that acculturation did occur in southern Illyria, but that the process was gradual."
^Çabej 1996, pp. 119 (117, 444): "1. guègueamë "lit de fleuve", "canal", "source, fontaine"; tosquee preva vijën e ujit më të ëmët, etc.; on peut grouper ici même le nom de la tribu illyrienne desAmantes comme "reverains", ainsi que le nom de la ville antique d'Amantia à Ploçë actuelle;".
^Mesihović 2014, p. 116: "A uz to, i kod Ilira se nailazi na još jedan sličan slučaj odnosno istoimnosti dvije zajednice, pa tako imamo Amantine u istočnoj Slavoniji i prilično južno skoro na granicama ilirskog svijeta i Epira."
^Hernandez 2017, pp. 257–258: "Drawing upon earlier written sources about sailing voyages (periploi), thePeriplous of Pseudo-Skylax (28–33) traces the coast of the Mediterranean and purports to be a "circumnavigation of the inhabited world". The text was composed in the third quarter of the 4th century B.C. The description of Epeiros moves southward along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas in the direction of mainland Greece. It appears to represent Epeiros in the years ca. 380–360 B.C. In Illyria, Epidamnos and Apollonia are listed as Greek cities (πόλεις Ἑλληνίδες). Orikos is identified as a polis located within the territory of an Illyrian city, Amantia. After Illyria, the text lists Chaonia."
^Castiglioni 2003, p. 876: "Di lui, probabilmente rifecendosi a una variante della leggenda diffusa nella nativa Calcide, racconta Licofrone, nella sua Alessandra, ai versi 1034-1046. Con linguaggio piuttosto oscuro, egli narra della fuga di Elefenore dall'isola di Otrono, isoletta a nord di Corcira, dove, insieme agli Abanti si era rifugiato dopo il conflitto troiano, e del suo stanziarsi presso il paese degli Atintani40, verso la città di Amantia lungo le rive del fiume Polianto, l'attuale Shushica."
^Cabanes 2011, p. 76: "Thronion mund të ndodhet në sitin e Triportit, në veriperëndim të Vlorës, dhe jo në dy sitet e tjera arkeologjike të kësaj zone: Mavrovë e cila është Olympe antike dhe Plloça që korrespondon me Amantian antike. Ky lokalizim i Thronionit i korrespondon më mirë të dhënave të Pausanias, i cili e vendos këtë ... domethënë "përballë Maleve Akrokeraune": po aq sa ky pohim mund të aplikohet në sitin e Triportit, po aq ai nuk i përshtatet sitit të Amantias në fshatin Plloçë ose atij të Olympes në Mavrovë."
^Cabanes 2008, p. 171: " the descendants of the Euboean colonists who had settled in Thronium (Pausanias 5. 22. 2–4), which should be located on the archaeological site of Treport on the coast, north-west of Aulon (Vlorë), and not in Amantia situated in Ploça village, south of the Aoos valley in the Vlorë hinterland."
^abPapadopoulos 2016, p. 382: "...indigenous sites that became, by the 4th century BC or later, cities very much organised on a Greek model (e.g. Byllis, Nikaia, Amantia, Lissos)."
^abHammond 1992, p. 37: "cities such as Lissus, Amantia... were 'Illyrian cities'. The archaeological evidence seems to be against them. For in sites fortifications, towers gates and masonry and in the construction of theatres, odeons, temples and agoras the cities of Epirus and Illyris are indistinguishable, in the titles of the city-officials and the language of their decrees these cities are entirely Greek."
^Hernandez & Hodges 2020, p. 305: Many of the mighty cities that had prospered in Hellenistic times as tribal capitals, such as Amantia, Phoinike, Gitana, Elea and Kassope, together with many other smaller satellite settlements and fortresses, diminished rapidly in importance and prestige and received little investment under the Roman Empire. These cities were among the largest in Epirus, many with theatres and impressive public buildings. At the time when they were founded, they were well positioned in the landscape to defend the territorial boundaries of the Epirote tribal groups.
^abHatzopoulos, M. B.; Sakellariou, M.; Loukopoulou, L. D. (1997).Epirus, Four Thousand Years of Greek History and Civilization (in Greek). Ekdotike Athenon. p. 145.ISBN960-213-377-5.Ωστόσο, την πιο αδιαμφησβήτητη μαρτυρία για την ελληνικότητα των πόλεων αυτών πρός Β των Ακροκεραυνίων και συνάμα γιά τα όρια του Ελληνισμού στην περιοχή αυτήν δίνει το ηπειρωτικό τμήμα του μεγάλου καταλόγου των θεαροδόκων των Δελφών των αρχών του 2ου αι. π.Χ. Σ'αυτόν, εκτός από την Κασσώπη, Δωδώνη, Φοινίκη, τις Κεμάρες την Απολλωνία και το Δυρράχιον, αναφέρονται ο Ωρικός, η Αβαντία (Αμαντία) και η Βυλλίς, που αποτελεί την βορειότερη μη αποικιακή Ελληνίδα πόλη στην περιοχή αυτή.
^Hernandez, David Ray (2010). "Excavations of the Roman Forum at Butrint (2004-2007)".The Archaeology of a Hellenistic and Roman Port in Epirus: 305.CiteSeerX10.1.1.1032.9477.The largest cities in northern Epirus, such as Butrint, Phoenice, Oricum, and Amantia prospered during the last two centuries of the Hellenistic period, while the coastal cities of southern Epirus in the territories of Thesprotia and Cassiopeia continued to be inhabited, but with a depressed economy... The stadium, which Anamali dates to the 2nd century B.C., together with the 317 Hellenistic coins and numerous bronze figurines, demonstrate that Amantia thrived in the last two centuries B.C.
^Andreou, Joanna (1997). "Development of the Settlements". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.).Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek History and Culture. Ekdotike Athenon. p. 100.ISBN978-960-213-371-2.The evolution of the Molossian cities affected the broader area of Epirus in both the immediate and long-term, and accounts for the urban organization of Bouchetion, Elatria, Torone, Bouthrotos and Amantia at this same period.
^Hatzopoulos 1997, p. 143: "The language of the inscriptions is undoubtedly Greek and, in particular, all known citizens have Greek names. The cults of Amantia are typically Greek (Zeus, Aphrodite, Pandemos, Pan and the Nymphs)."
^Dieterle 2007, p. 101: "ursprünglich zwei verschiedene Aphrodite - Kulte existierten : ein älterer , wahrscheinlich aus archaischer Zeit , in Ambrakia , Kassope , Dodona , Apollonia und Amantia und ein jüngerer in Zakynthos , Leukas, Korkyra, Ambrakia und in Buthrotos."
^Funke, Moustakis & Hochschulz 2004, p. 342: "Cults of Aphrodite (Ceka (1990) 218) and Athena (Tzouvara-Souli (1979) fig. 1) are attested; they are probably of Hellenistic date."
^Dieterle 2007, p. 129: "In Epirus ist der Herakleskult häufiger in den korinthischen Kolonien anzutreffen , so beispielsweise in Ambrakia , Epidamnos und Amantia"
^Abdy, Richard Anthony (2007).Roman Butrint: An Assessment. Oxbow Books for the Butrint Foundation. p. 168.ISBN978-1-84217-234-6.Apollo was particurlaly prominent within the settlements ... including ... Amantia and Oricum)
^abShpuza 2014, p. 22: "Tout comme Dyrrachium, Amantia fut prospère à l'époque hellénistique, ce qui pourrait expliquer le choix du bilinguisme. Ainsi, l'emploi du grec par les Romains pour s'adresser aux indigènes n'est pas seulement un geste de bonne volonté, mais un effort pour favoriser le rapprochement entre communautés.(..) Autre facette de l'évolution linguistique, la fondation de la colonie va amener non seulement le passage du grec au latin, mais également la transformation de l'onomastique de la ville, devenue à terme presqu'entièrement latine. Ce phénomène implique a contrario l'élimination progressive du stock anthroponymique grec et illyrien."
^Hammond, N. G. L. (1989). "The Illyrian Atintani, the Epirotic Atintanes and the Roman Protectorate".The Journal of Roman Studies.79:11–25.doi:10.2307/301177.ISSN0075-4358.JSTOR301177.S2CID162831458.The fallacy of supposing that the cities of northern Epirus were 'Illyrian cities', made clear in my book Epirus in I967, has been reasserted by F. Papazoglou I986, 439 as regards Amantia, Byllis, Nicaea and Olympe ('J'ai dit 'a bon escient "cites grecques"... There is little point in proposing an Illyrian label for cities in which the language, the institutions, the officials, the onomastics, the city-planning and the fortifications were Greek.
^Kos, Marjeta Šašel (1986).Historical outline of the region between Aquileia, the Adriatic, and Sirmium in Cassius Dio and Herodian. Kulturna skupnost Slovenije. p. 68.The conditions were that regions and populations captured by the Romans ( from Lissus to the territory north of Phoenice and in the east up to the Dassaretes , the Greek towns of Dyrrhachium , Apollonia , Aulon , Oricum , Dimale , Byllis , Amantia and Antigonea , and the tribes of the Parthini , Bylliones and Atintanes ) were to become part of a Roman sphere of interest, controlled by the Romans.
^Haensch 2012, p. 86: "Ebenso wenig überzeugt die von Patsch geäußerte und von Cabanes wiederaufgegriffene Vermutung, daß "sich in Alt-Pljoča eine lateinische Enklave befand"76. Wie sollte eine solche Enklave in einer griechischen Stadt von derartiger Bedeutung sein, daß sie sich in einer Monumentalinschrift verewigen konnte? "
^Papazoglou 1986, p. 439: "Avec Amantia, Byllis et Nikaia, Olympe (ou Olympa, en dorien) est l'une des quatre cites grecques de la partie la plus méridionale de l'Illyrie, entre le bas Aoos et Orikos, sur le territoire des tribus illyriennes des Bylliones et des Amantes, connues par les sources litteraires, les inscriptions, les monnaies et les vestiges archeologiques."
^Lasagni 2019, p. 73: "poleis illiriche ellenizzate di Byllis o Amantia" ... Eckstein 2008, 52-54 (cit. a pagina 53): «Whereas Apollonia was a Roman amicus, no links were established with the Hellenized Illyrian city-states of Byllis and Amantia, ...
^Ceka 2012, p. 59: "..., vere e proprie città illiriche possono essere considerate Scodra, Lissus, Zgërdhesh, Dimale, Byllis, Klos, Amantia, Olympe e Antigoneia, alle quali si devono aggiungere anche Përsqop, Berat, Selca e Poshtme, Hija e Korbit, Gurëzeza, Kanina e Treport, dotate di cinte mura-rie che racchiudevano vaste superfci e che dominavano regioni ben delineate del punto di vista geografco."
^Jaupaj 2019, p. 170: "À part Dyrrhachion et Apollonia, durant cette période on a des émissions des villes illyriennes come Amantia, Bylis, Olympè, Dimale, Skodra, Lissos, et en Épire de Phoinikè, Bouthrôtos et Antigonea."
^Mesihović 2014: "S druge strane, južno od spomenutih rijeka nalazio se jedan svijet oličen između ostalog i u ilirskim gradovima izgrađenim i upravljanim po grčkom obrascu kao što su Bilis i Amantija, i oni se nisu mogli osjećati isto kao i ustanički Iliri."
^Cabanes, P. (1997). "Development of the Settlements". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.).Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek History and Culture. Ekdotike Athenon. p. 91.ISBN978-960-213-371-2.Archaeological excavations have revealed a number of hoards of coins which show that there was an abandance of Epirote coins at Amantia, and also at Apollonia after 232.
Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2003). "Il monumento degli Apolloniati a Olimpia".Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité.115 (2):867–880.doi:10.3406/mefr.2003.9796.
Ceka, Neritan; Ceka, Olgita (2017). "A Peripolarchos inscription from the castle of Matohasanaj". In Luan Përzhita; Ilir Gjipali; Gëzim Hoxha; Belisa Muka (eds.).New archaeological discoveries in the Albanian regions: proceedings of the international conference 30 - 31 January, Tirana 2017. Vol. 1. Botimet Albanologjike. Academy for Albanian Studies, Institute of Archaeology. pp. 488–508.ISBN978-9928-141-71-2.
Hammond, N. G. L. (1992). "The Relations of Illyrian Albania with the Greeks and the Romans". In Winnifrith, Tom (ed.).Perspectives On Albania. Springer. p. 37.ISBN978-1-349-22050-2.
Hoti, Afrim (2022)."Dyrrhachium bizantina e il suo territorio (VI-VIII sec.)". In Sonia Antonelli; Vasco La Salvia; Maria Cristina Mancini; Oliva Menozzi; Marco Moderato; Maria Carla Somma (eds.).Archaeologiae Una storia al plural: Studi in memoria di Sara Santoro. Archaeopress Publishing. pp. 245–250.ISBN978-1-80327-297-9.
Lasagni, Chiara (2019). Cresci Marrone, Giovannella; Culasso Gastaldi, Enrica (eds.).Le realtà locali nel mondo greco: Ricerche su poleis ed ethne della Grecia occidentale. Studi e testi di epigrafia. Edizioni dell'Orso.ISBN978-88-6274-962-6.
Malkin, Irad (1998).The Return of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Malkin, Irad (2001). "Greek Ambiguities: Between "Ancient Hellas" and "Barbarian Epirus"". In Malkin, Irad (ed.).Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity. Center for Hellenic Studies colloquia. Vol. 5. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 187–212.ISBN978-0-674-00662-1.
Quantin, François; Dimo, Arjan (2011). "Nga Amantia në Apoloni: Kërkime mbi një hyjni të Ilirisë Antike / D'Amantia à Apollonia: Enquête sur une divinité dans le sud de l'Illyrie antique".Iliria (in Albanian and French).35:123–153.doi:10.3406/iliri.2011.1102.
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