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Alessia Zecchini

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Italian freediver (born 1992)

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Alessia Zecchini

Born	(1992-06-30)30 June 1992 (age 32)
Nationality	Italian
Occupation	ProfessionalFreediver

Alessia Zecchini (born 30 June 1992) is an Italianfreediver who has set world and Italian records in freediving.^[1]^[2]

At the age of 13, Zecchini completed her first federalapnea course in A.s.d. "Apnea Blu Mare". In 2009 she changed clubs and became an athlete of Dive Free Roma and Nuoto Belle Arti.

Since 2012, Zecchini has been part of the indoor and outdoor Italian national freediving team, so far winning 16 gold medals, five silver and two bronze at the World Championships^[3] and three golds, six silvers and one bronze at the European Championships.^[3]

On 18 October 2019, Zecchini became the first woman to have reached a depth of −100m^[4]^[2] exclusively with the use of her arms (free immersion), during the "Nirvana Oceanquest" inCuraçao, Dutch Caribbean.^[5]

Zecchini became the subject of the 2023 biographical documentary filmThe Deepest Breath directed by Laura McGann.^[6]

Career

[edit]

From 2007 to 2010, Zecchini attended in rallies with the national team, although she could not compete in the top category due to her young age.

In 2011, she participated in her first Italian championship inTurin, taking second place, behind Ilaria Bonin. The placings achieved also in the following year earned her the call to be part of the national team. In 2012, she participated in her firstConfédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) European Championship^[3] inAntalya, Turkey, achieving good placings (fourth place in Jump Blue and sixth in static apnea).^[3]

In 2013, during the CMAS World Championship^[3] inKazan, Russia, she won the gold medal in static freediving (STA) with a time of 6' 23", then obtained a medal in every discipline, including a silver in dynamics without fins (DNF) and a bronze in dynamic with monofin (DYN). The same year, Zecchini used the guide rope to pull herself down to a depth of −81 m (−266 ft) without using ballast or fins and thereby set a new world record in the free immersion discipline recognized by the CMAS.^[7] At the Italian Depth Championship inIschia, she achieved her first CMAS world record in constant weight with the monofin (CWT) with −81 m (−266 ft).

In 2014, she participated in her firstAIDA International competition, the Team World Championship in Cagliari, winning three silver medals in dynamic apnea with the monofin with 223 m (732 ft), in static apnea with the time of 6' 39", in constant weight with a depth of −84 m (−276 ft) and setting two Italian records. At the CMAS European^[3] Championship held in Tenerife, she won the silver medal in dynamic apnea with monofin (DYN) with 218 m (715 ft), and third place in the static apnea competition with a time of 6' 08".During the Italian depth championship in Ischia, she achieved her second CMAS world record^[3] in constant weight with the monofin (CWT) with −86 m (−282 ft).

In 2015, Zecchini took part in the CMAS Indoor^[3] World Championship inMulhouse and, together with her partner Ilaria Bonin, they won five gold and silver medals.^[8] Zecchini won the competition in dynamics without fins (DNF) with 165 m (541 ft), also setting the CMAS world record. In that same competition, she also won two silvers (DYN with 234 m (768 ft) and STA with a time of 6'35"). During the Outdoor World Championship in Ischia, organised by the Italian Federation of Sport Fishing and Underwater Activities, she won three gold medals with relative world records: in constant weight with monofin (CWT) with −93 m (−305 ft), in constant weight without tools (CNF) with −58 m (−190 ft) and in jump blue (JB) with 190 m (620 ft). Once again, in June 2016 in Lignano Sabbiadoro, during the CMAS Indoor World Championships: three golds and three CMAS world records with 171 m (561 ft) in dynamics without fins, 204 m (669 ft) in dynamics with fins (DYNBP) and 250 m (820 ft) in dynamics with monofin (DYN).^[9]

In 2017, the Italian began her outdoor training with international coach and safety diverStephen Keenan and beat the AIDA world record with −104 m (−341 ft) depth in the Vertical Blue competition on 10 May onLong Island in theBahamas. During the last days of the competition,Natalia Molchanova's record in constant weight (CWT) of −101 m (−331 ft) (which had been held for six years), was beaten three times. On 6 May, Zecchini was the first to go down and take off the tag at −102 m (−335 ft); breaking the world record. Four days later, Hanako Hirose dropped to −103 m (−338 ft) but minutes later she went on to detach the tag at −104 m (−341 ft), setting another world record.^[10]

Stephen Keenan died in July 2017 during a recreational dive acrossThe Arch of the Blue Hole with Alessia.^[11]^[12] It was not regarded as a dive that would push Zecchini to her limits, but an accumulation of mistakes and difficulties during the attempt would lead to disaster. Safety diver Lily Crespy, who was on duty that day, later gave a detailed summary of events.^[11] The official AIDA report stated that reasonable precautions had been taken; however, it noted that there was no on-site specialist doctor, insufficient medical equipment, no safety boat, and no ambulance^[13] on stand-by at the dive site.^[11] Zecchini was experienced in open waters, was familiar with the Blue Hole, and wanted to tackle it without fins rather than with the usual, more powerful mono-fin. As her safety, Keenan agreed to meet her at −50 m (−160 ft), though the standard limit for safety divers is −30 m (−98 ft).^[14] However, for reasons we will never know, he decided to dive in 20 seconds later than pre-planned, to be seen by her with the ascending rope at the exit of the tunnel. This caused Alessia, already successfully outside the tunnel and with breath to spare, to swim astray in search of her way up. When Stephen spotted Alessia, strived to help her to re-surface, risking his own life for hers.

In 2017 she also participated in the CMAS European Indoor Championship inCagliari swimming pool where she won three medals out of the three competitions (first place in DYN, second in DNF and second in DYNBP).^[15] In August of the same year, she participated in the AIDA World Championships in Roatan where she became world champion in free-immersion setting a new Italian record at −88 m (−289 ft) and vice world champion in constant weight with monofin with −98 m (−322 ft).^[16] A disqualification denied her the silver medal even in constant weight without fins. In October, at the CMAS European Championship inKaş, Turkey, she won two silver medals in CWT and CNF with −93 m (−305 ft) and −63 m (−207 ft), a new Italian record. Also in the same year, during the Dungoncup inMilazzo, Sicily, she achieved the world record in dynamic apnea without fins with 181 m (594 ft).^[17]^[18]^[19]

Zecchini then came under the guidance of Martin Zajac, which lasted until the conclusion of the 2018 competition season. In 2018, Zecchini set the new AIDA world record in constant weight (CWT) on 10 May inSan Andrès in Colombia in the Nirvana Oceanquest Freediving Competition. A month later, at the Indoor World Championships inLignano Sabbiadoro, Italy, she won two silver medals in DYN and DNF and a gold medal in the bi-fin discipline where she set the new world record with 221 m (725 ft). In July, in Long Island, in the prestigious Vertical Blue competition, she confirmed herself as the strongest freediver by winning overall and setting four world records AIDA in all depth disciplines: – Constant weight without fins with −73 m (−240 ft), Free immersion with −93 m (−305 ft) and then −96 m (−315 ft) and Constant weight with monofin with −107 m (−351 ft).^[20] In September of the same year, she participated in the Dugoncup Outdoor in Milazzo setting two other world records in CWT (−101 m (−331 ft)) and FIM (−89 m (−292 ft)) but this time under the aegis of CMAS, before flying to the first edition of the Molchanova Gran Prix in memory of Natalia Molchanova, winning the competition. She participated in the CMAS Outdoor World Championship by winning three golds in the three competitions held, CWT, CNF and FIM where she set four CMAS world records, bringing the WR in constant weight with CMAS and AIDA to the same depth of −107 m (−351 ft).^[21]

In April 2019, during the Dungoncup in Milazzo, she again set the world record in dynamic free diving without fins with 193 m (633 ft).In June 2019, she participated, together with the Italian National team, in the CMAS IndoorEuropean Championship inIstanbul, winning two gold medals with relative world records, 228 m (748 ft) in dynamics with fins and 253 m (830 ft) with monofin, and a silver medal in dynamics without fins. On 7 August 2019, during the CMAS Outdoor World Championship inRoatan, Honduras, at a depth of −113 m (−371 ft), she set the new world record in constant weight freediving with monofin at the same time as SlovenianAlenka Artnik.^[20] During this event, she won three gold medals in CWT, CNF and FIM and set four world records during the competition and the competition that preceded it, theCaribbean Cup 2019.^[22]

During the Nirvana Oceanquest 2019 event in Curaçao, she set two world records in the discipline of free immersion under the aegis of AIDA with −98 m (−322 ft) on 16 October 2019.^[23] Two days later, with −100 m (−330 ft) approved by CMAS, she became the first woman to touch this depth using only her arms.^[4]

In July 2021, Zecchini participated in the Vertical Blue on Long Island, Bahamas, winning the overall again and setting three CMAS World Records: −115 m (−377 ft) CWT, −74 m (−243 ft) CNF, and −101 m (−331 ft) FIM.^[24]

In October, she took part in the CMAS Outdoor World Championship 2021, inKaş, Turkey, winning a gold medal in CNF and one silver medal in CWTB. During the "CMAS TSSFKaş Baska Freediving WC (competition before the world championship), she set a new world record in her first competition in CWTB with the depth of −105 m (−344 ft), 10 m (33 ft) more than the previous record.^[25]

In October 2022, during the CMAS Outdoor World Championship 2021 in Kaş, she won a silver medal with −109 m (−358 ft) in CWT.^[26]^[27]

On 27th March 2023, during the Secretblue Competition inMoalboal, Philippines, she set a new world record in CWTB with −107 m (−351 ft). After two days, she went deeper and set a new world record with −109 m (−358 ft) in 3'36".^[28]

On 24 May she became again the deepest woman in the world, setting the WR in constant weight with monofin to -123m, during the AIDA Oceanquest Competition in Camotes Island, Philippines.^[29]

Honors

[edit]

Asteroid300124 Alessiazecchini, discovered by Italian amateur astronomerSilvano Casulli in 2006, was named in her honor.^[1] The officialcitation was published byIAU'sWorking Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature on 21 March 2022.^[30]

Accomplishments

[edit]

Medals won, beginning from the first international competition inKazan' in 2013:

Year	Place	Competition	Discipline
2023	Camotes Islands	AIDA Oceanquest	Constant Weight with monofin	-123 m	WRAIDA
2023	Moalboal	Secret Blue Competition	Constant Weight with bifins	-109 m	WRAIDA
2023	Moalboal	Secret Blue Competition	Constant Weight with bifins	-107 m	WRAIDA
2022	Kaş	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	-109 m
2021	Kaş	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight with Bifins	-98 m
2021	Kaş	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight without Fins	-69 m
2021	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Freeimmersion	-101 m	WRCMAS
2021	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Constant Weight without Fins	-74 m	WRCMAS
2021	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Constant Weight with Monofin	-115 m	NRCMAS
2019	Curaçao	Nirvana Oceanquest	Freeimmersion	−100 m	WRCMAS
2019	Curaçao	Nirvana Oceanquest	Freeimmersion	−98 m	WRAIDA
2019	Roatan	Outdoor World Championship	Freeimmersion	−92 m
2019	Roatan	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−113 m	WRCMAS
2019	Roatan	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight without Fins	−72 m
2019	Roatan	Caribbean Cup	Constant Weight with Monofin	−112 m	WRCMAS
2019	Roatan	Caribbean Cup	Constant Weight without Fins	−73 m	WRCMAS
2019	Istanbul	European Championship Indoor	Dynamic with Monofin	253 m	WRCMAS
2019	Istanbul	European Championship Indoor	Dynamic with Bifins	228 m	WRCMAS
2019	Istanbul	European Championship Indoor	Dynamic without fins	179 m
2019	Milazzo	Dugoncup	Dynamic without fins	193 m	WRCMAS
2018	Kaş	Outdoor World Championship	Freeimmersion	−94 m	WRCMAS
2018	Kaş	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−107 m	WRCMAS
2018	Kaş	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight without Fins	−70 m	WRCMAS
2018	Ibiza	Molchanova Gran Prix	Constant Weight without Fins	−69 m
2018	Ibiza	Molchanova Gran Prix	Constant Weight with Monofin	−100 m
2018	Milazzo	Dugoncup	Constant Weight with Monofin	−101 m	WRCMAS
2018	Milazzo	Dugoncup	Freeimmersion	−89 m	WRCMAS
2018	Lignano Sabbiadoro	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic with Bifins	221 m	WRCMAS
2018	Lignano Sabbiadoro	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic with Monofin	227 m
2018	Lignano Sabbiadoro	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic without fins	163 m
2018	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Constant Weight with Monofin	−107 m	WRAIDA
2018	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Constant Weight without Fins	−73 m	WRAIDA
2018	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Freeimmersion	−96 m	WRAIDA
2018	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Freeimmersion	−93 m	WRAIDA
2018	San Andrès	Nirvana Oceanquest	Constant Weight with Monofin	−105 m	WRAIDA
2017	Kaş	Outdoor European Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−93 m
2017	Kaş	Outdoor European Championship	Constant Weight without Fins	−63 m
2017	Roatan	Outdoor World Championship	Freeimmersion	−88 m	NRAIDA
2017	Roatan	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−98 m
2017	Cagliari	Indoor European Championship	Dynamic with Bifins	194 m
2017	Cagliari	Indoor European Championship	Dynamic without fins	157 m
2017	Cagliari	Indoor European Championship	Dynamic with Monofin	232 m
2017	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Constant Weight with Monofin	−104 m	WRAIDA
2017	Long Island	Vertical Blue	Constant Weight with Monofin	−102 m	WRAIDA
2017	Milazzo	Dugoncup	Dynamic without fins	181 m	WRCMAS
2016	Lignano Sabbiadoro	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic with Monofin	250 m	WRCMAS
2016	Lignano Sabbiadoro	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic with Bifins	204 m	WRCMAS
2016	Lignano Sabbiadoro	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic without fins	171 m	WRCMAS
2015	Ischia	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight without Fins	−58 m	WRCMAS
2015	Ischia	Outdoor World Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−93 m	WRCMAS
2015	Ischia	Outdoor World Championship	Jump Blue	190 m	WRCMAS
2015	Mulhouse	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic with Monofin	234 m
2015	Mulhouse	Indoor World Championship	Static	6'34"
2015	Mulhouse	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic without fins	165 m	WRCMAS
2014	Ischia	Outdoor Italian Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−86 m	WRCMAS
2014	Tenerife	European Championship	Dynamic with Monofin	218 m
2014	Tenerife	European Championship	Static	6'08"
2014	Cagliari	Team World Championship AIDA	Static	6'39"	NRAIDA
2014	Cagliari	Team World Championship AIDA	Dynamic with Monofin	223 m
2014	Cagliari	Team World Championship AIDA	Constant Weight with Monofin	84 m	NRAIDA
2013	Ischia	Outdoor Italian Championship	Constant Weight with Monofin	−81 m	WRCMAS
2013	Kazan'	Indoor World Championship	Static	6'23"	WRCMAS
2013	Kazan'	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic without fins
2013	Kazan'	Indoor World Championship	Dynamic with Monofin

World Records:

During her career she set 38 World Records in the indoor and outdoor disciplines of freediving, 27 homologated by CMASCMAS and 11 byAIDA.

CMAS HOMOLOGATION
N	Discipline	Performance	Date	Place
1	CWT	−81 m	04/10/2013	Ischia
2	CWT	−86 m	04/10/2014	Ischia
3	DNF	165 m	27/07/2015	Mulhouse
4	JB	190 m	09/10/2015	Ischia
5	CWT	−93 m	06/10/2015	Ischia
6	CNF	−58 m	08/10/2015	Ischia
7	DNF	171 m	08/06/2016	Lignano Sabbiadoro
8	DYNBP	204 m	10/06/2016	Lignano Sabbiadoro
9	DYN	250 m	11/06/2016	Lignano Sabbiadoro
10	DNF	181 m	11/03/2017	Milazzo
11	DYNBP	221 m	15/06/2018	Lignano Sabbiadoro
12	FIM	−89 m	01/09/2018	Milazzo
13	CWT	−101 m	02/09/2018	Milazzo
14	CNF	−70 m	03/10/2018	Kaş
15	CWT	−107 m	02/10/2018	Kaş
16	FIM	−94 m	06/10/2018	Kaş
17	DNF	193 m	06/04/2019	Milazzo
18	DYNBP	228 m	21/06/2019	Istanbul
19	DYN	253 m	22/06/2019	Istanbul
20	CNF	−73 m	03/08/2019	Roatan
21	CWT	−112 m	05/08/2019	Roatan
22	CWT	−113 m	08/08/2019	Roatan
23	FIM	−100 m	18/10/2019	Curaçao
24	CWT	-115 m	13/07/2021	Long Island
25	CNF	-74 m	15/07/2021	Long Island
26	FIM	-101 m	17/07/2021	Long Island
27	CWTB	-105 m	30/09/2021	Kaş

AIDA HOMOLOGATION
N	Disciplina	Performance	Data	Luogo
1	CWT	−102 m	06/05/2017	Long Island
2	CWT	−104 m	10/05/2017	Long Island
3	CWT	−105 m	04/05/2018	San Andrès
4	FIM	−93 m	16/07/2018	Long Island
5	CNF	−73 m	22/07/2018	Long Island
6	FIM	−96 m	24/07/2018	Long Island
7	CWT	−107 m	26/07/2018	Long Island
8	FIM	−98 m	16/10/2019	Curaçao
9	CWTB	- 107 m	27/03/2023	Moalboal
10	CWTB	- 109 m	29/03/2023	Moalboal
11	CWT	- 123 m	24/05/2023	Camostes Islands

Clarification:

STA = Static Apnea – Holding the breath as long as possible.
DYN = Dynamic Apnea with monofin – Diving as far as possible with the use of a monofin.
DYNB = Dynamic Apnea with fins – Diving as far as possible with the use of fins.
DNF = Dynamic Apnea without fins – Diving as far as possible without fins.
CWT = Constant weight with monofin – Diving as deep as possible with the use of a monofin.
CWTB = Constant weight with fins – Diving as deep as possible with the use of fins.
CNF = Constant weight without fins – Diving as deep as possible without fins.
FIM = Free Immersion – Diving as deep as possible by pulling down and up the rope.

Media

[edit]

Zecchini is a focus ofThe Deepest Breath, a 2023 documentary.^[31]

References

[edit]

^^a ^b"300124 Alessiazecchini".Minor Planet Center.Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved21 April 2022.
^^a ^b"Apnea Records".www.cmas.org. CMAS.Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h"Apnea Championship Archives".www.cmas.org. CMAS.Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^^a ^b"Seven Records in seven months: an amazing 2019 for Alessia Zecchini".www.swimbiz.it. Swimbiz. 19 October 2019.Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^"Free Immersion From CMAS Records For Alessia Zecchini".www.fipas.it. CMAS. 20 October 2019.Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^Koe, Francesca (31 January 2023)."'The Deepest Breath': What You Need To Know About The Sundance Freediving Documentary".Deeper Blue.Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved25 February 2023.
^"Alessia Zecchini".TÜV SÜD | Geschäftsbericht.Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^"🇫🇷 CMAS World Apnea Championship Indoor Mulhouse France 2015 – Results".SPORTALSUB.NET. 30 July 2015.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^"9th CMAS Apnea Indoor World Championship Kicks Off With 2 World Records In DNF - DeeperBlue.com".www.deeperblue.com.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^"Team of Ulysses".www.ulysse-nardin.com.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^^a ^b ^cPelios, Nick; Crespy, Lily (22 October 2022)."What Went Wrong?".alchemy.Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved19 July 2023.
^Bower, Edmund (26 August 2017)."Top diver's death casts long shadow over deep beauty of the Blue Hole".The Observer.Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved26 December 2021.
^Keenan was taxied to an ambulance before being taken to hospital; see Crespy's account.
^"Safety Diver Stephen Keenan Dies During Rescue in Dahab's Blue Hole". 25 July 2017.Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved17 July 2023.
^Kft, dotindot."1st CMAS European Apnea Outdoor Championship and Open International Competition Kaş, Antalya – Turkey 2017 Results - Photos".www.cmas.org.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^Koe, Francesca."Constant Weight Women's Leaderboard At The 2017 AIDA Individual Freediving World Championships - DeeperBlue.com".www.deeperblue.com. Deeper Blue.Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^"Alessia Zecchini - Beauty of the Depths".www.ulysse-nardin.com.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^Redazione (10 May 2017)."Alessia Zecchini World Record - 102m".Apnea Passion Magazine.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^"🇮🇹 Cristina Francone from Italy sets two new CMAS dynamic freediving world records".SPORTALSUB.NET. 3 May 2021.Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^^a ^bSkolnick, Adam (26 November 2020)."She Dived More Than 300 Feet Under the Sea. Can She Go Deeper?".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331.Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved3 June 2021.
^"Alessia Zecchini Sets CMAS Constant Weight Freediving World Record - DeeperBlue.com".www.deeperblue.com.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^Arcobelli, Stefano."Zecchini in apnea, continues to win and to go down (-113)".questionedistile.gazzetta.it. Questione di Stile.Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^Liang, John."Alessia Zecchini Sets New Women's Free Immersion Freediving World Record - DeeperBlue.com".www.DeeperBlue.com. Deeper Blue.Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
^"5th CMAS FREEDIVING OUTDOOR WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP".Molchanovs.Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^"CMAS Freediving Outdoor World Records – CMAS 5th Free Diving Outdoor World Championship 2021".Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
^Kft, dotindot."CMAS World Outdoor Freediving Championship".www.cmas.org. Retrieved7 August 2023.
^"CMAS World Champs results".
^Santangelo, Roberto (30 March 2023)."Apnea, doppio record del mondo in assetto costante con pinne per Alessia Zecchini".OA Sport (in Italian). Retrieved7 August 2023.
^"Zecchini, Klovar Set New Freediving World Records - DeeperBlue.com".www.deeperblue.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved10 September 2024.
^"WGSBN Bulletin Archive".Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature. 21 March 2022.Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved21 April 2022. (Citation Archived 22 March 2022 at theWayback Machine)
^Blake, Meredith (24 July 2023)."In the underwater tragedy of Netflix's 'Deepest Breath,' the appeal of the deep explained".The Brunswick News. Retrieved27 October 2023.

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Recreational diving

Specialties	Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving
Diver organisations	British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)
Diving tourism industry	Dive center Diving in Timor-Leste Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving in Guam
Diving events and festivals	Diversnight Underwater Bike Race

Diving safety

Diving
hazards

Consequences	Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury

Diving
procedures

Risk
management

Checklist
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Risk control
- Hierarchy of hazard controls
Incident pit
Lockout–tagout
Permit To Work
Redundancy
Safety data sheet
Situation awareness

Diving team	Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver
Equipment safety	Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators
Occupational safety and health	Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure

Diving medicine

Diving
disorders

Pressure
related

Oxygen	Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity
Inert gases	Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis
Carbon dioxide	Hypercapnia Hypocapnia
Breathing gas contaminants	Carbon monoxide poisoning

Immersion
related

Treatment

Personnel

Screening

Research

Researchers in
diving physiology
and medicine

Diving medical
research
organisations

Law
Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

History of underwater diving

Archeological
sites

Underwater art
and artists

Engineers
and inventors

Historical
equipment

Diver propulsion vehicles	Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie

Military and
covert operations

Scientific projects

Awards and events

Incidents

Dive boat incidents	Sinking of MVConception
Diver rescues	Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue
Early diving	John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson
Freediving fatalities	Stephen Keenan Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova
Offshore diving incidents	Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident
Professional diving fatalities	Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström
Scuba diving fatalities	1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Linnea Mills Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek

Publications

Manuals	NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba
Standards and Codes of Practice	Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
General non-fiction	The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
Research	List of Divers Alert Network publications
Dive guides

Training and registration

Diver
training

Competence and assessment
Diver training standard
Diving instructor
Diving school
Occupational diver training
Recreational diver training
- Introductory diving
- ISO training standards
Teaching method

Skills	Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches

Recreational
scuba
certification
levels

Core diving skills	Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver
Leadership skills	Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor
Specialist skills	Rescue Diver Solo diver

Diver training
certification
and registration
organisations

Commercial diver
certification
authorities

Commercial diving
schools

Free-diving
certification
agencies

AIDA International (AIDA)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Performance Freediving International (PI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)

Recreational
scuba
certification
agencies

American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
International Life Saving Federation (ILS)
Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
Scuba Diving International (SDI)
Scuba Educators International (SEI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)
Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
United Diving Instructors (UDI)
YMCA SCUBA Program

Scientific diver
certification
authorities

Technical diver
certification
agencies

American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
Technical Extended Range (TXR)

Cave diving	Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI)

Military diver
training centres

Military diver
training courses

United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course

Underwater sports

Surface snorkeling	Finswimming
Snorkeling/breath-hold	Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting
Breath-hold	Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving
Open Circuit Scuba	Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography
Rebreather	Underwater photography
Sports governing organisations and federations	International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America)
Competitions	14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships

Underwater divers

Pioneers of diving	Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Hannes Keller Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström
Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists	Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Jeffrey Bozanic Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato
Scuba record holders	Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski
Underwater filmmakers and presenters	Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight James Cameron
Underwater photographers	Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel
Underwater explorers	Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski Brian Kakuk William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis
Aquanauts	Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui
Writers and journalists	Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera
Rescuers	Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen
Frogmen	Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis
Commercial salvors	Keith Jessop

Science of underwater diving

List of researchers in underwater diving

Diving
physics

Diving
physiology

Decompression theory	Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression

Diving
environments

Underwater exploration
- Deep-sea exploration

Classification	List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment
Impact	Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving

Other

Deep-submergence
vehicle

Submarine rescue

Deep-submergence rescue vehicle	LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1Mystic DSRV-2Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRVRemora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy)