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Akto County Aqtu, Aktu, Aketao | |
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.png) Location of the county (red) in Kizilsu Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang | |
  Akto Location of the seat in Xinjiang Show map of Southern Xinjiang Akto Akto (Xinjiang) Show map of Xinjiang Akto Akto (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Akto County government):39°08′52″N75°56′51″E / 39.1478°N 75.9474°E /39.1478; 75.9474 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Autonomous prefecture | Kizilsu |
| County seat | Akto Town |
| Area | |
• Total | 24,176 km2 (9,334 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[2] | |
• Total | 226,005 |
| • Density | 9.3/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Major ethnic groups | Uyghur,Kyrgyz |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time[a]) |
| Area code | 653022 |
| Website | www |
| Akto County | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uyghur name | |||||||||||
| Uyghur | ئاقتو ناھىيىسى | ||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 阿克陶县 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 阿克陶縣 | ||||||||||
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| Kyrgyz name | |||||||||||
| Kyrgyz | ﺍﻗﺘﻮﻭ وودانى Актоо ооданы Aqtoo oodanı | ||||||||||
Akto County[3] (also known asAqtu,[4]Aktu,[5][6] orAketao;[7]Chinese:阿克陶县;pinyin:Ākètáo Xiàn) is acounty inKizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The county bordersTajikistan andKyrgyzstan and has twotowns, 11townships, four state-owned farms and a plant nursery under its jurisdiction. Thecounty seat isAkto Town. The county has an area of 24,555 km2 (9,481 sq mi). In 2015 its population was 221,526;[8] in 2017 it was 231,756.[9]
Akto is the westernmost county of China; itswesternmost point is north of the Markansu River (玛尔坎苏河), on theborder with Tajikistan. The county is located in the southwest of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, east of thePamir Plateau, and is near the western edge of theTarim Basin. It is between 73°26'5" and 76°43'31" east longitude, and between 37°41'28" and 39°29'55" north latitude. It is bordered byWuqia County andShufu County to the north, byShule County and 41st Regiment of the XPCC across Yopurga River (岳普湖河) to the northeast, byYengisar County (Yingjisha),Yarkant County (Shache) to the east, and byTaxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County (Tashkurgan) to the south. The west and south-west share aborder with Kyrgyzstan and aborder with Tajikistan; the total border line is more than 380 kilometers long.[10]
Akto means 'white mountain' in theKyrgyz language, referring to snowy mountains.[11]
In the early years of theWestern Han dynasty, the land of the present Akto County was under the jurisdiction of three Kingdoms ofShule, Puli (蒲犁国) and Yilai (依耐国). In 60 BC, theHan dynasty set up theProtectorate of the Western Regions in Wulei Fortress (乌垒城; near the present Yungou 云沟, Dongye Town 东野镇 inLuntai County), and Akto was under its jurisdiction. During theThree Kingdoms period, Akto was still under the jurisdiction of theWei State. During theJin dynasty, Akto County was part of Shule Kingdom of Jin. In 658, with the establishment ofKara-Khanid Khanate, most of Akto was under its jurisdiction. In 1134, Akto was part ofWest Liao with the East Kara-Khanid Khanate reconciled to West Liao. In 1226, the Southern Tianshan was in the territory ofChagatai Khanate, with Akto under its control. With the establishment of theEastern Chagatai Khanate in 1347, Akto was one of the dominions of the khanate supervisor Hudaida (忽歹达). Akto was part of Yarkent Khanate in 1514. In 1678, theDzungar began to rule. After the Qing dynasty calmed theRevolt of the Altishahr Khojas in 1759, the land was ruled by Kashgar and Yarkand officials (喀什噶尔和叶尔羌参赞大臣). Appointed the seat of officials of circuits, prefectures and counties in southern Xinjiang in 1883, Akto was under the jurisdiction of YengisarIndependent Subprefecture (英吉沙尔直隶厅), ShuleIndependent Department (疏勒直隶州) and Puli Subprefecture of Shache Prefecture (莎车府蒲犁分防厅).
Akto County was established in August 1954 from parts ofYengisar,Shufu,Taxkorgan (present Tashkurgan, Puli) andWuqia counties. The present Yumai Township (玉麦乡) was from the 6th district in Yengisar, Piral Township (皮拉勒乡) andBarin Township from the 7th district inYengisar (Yingjisha),[12] Kizilto Township (克孜勒陶乡) from the 8th district in Yengisar, Qiarlon Township (恰尔隆乡) from 4th district of Qiarlon (恰尔隆第四区) in Puli County, Blunko Township (布伦口乡) from 5th district of Blunko (布伦口五区) in Puli and two townships of Bostanterak District (波斯坦铁热克区) in Wuqia County, Auytak Town (奥依塔克镇) from Auytak Township (奥依塔克乡) in Shufu County, Karekayqik Township (喀热开其克乡) from Qlukbash Township in Shufu.[13]
In April 1990, theBaren Township riot occurred inBarin Township.
In June 1996, Aisha Awazi, Uyghurimam of a mosque in the county, was arrested in connection with reportedly appointing himself imam in 1992, being strongly critical of communists as pagans and organizing 120 like-minded persons; he is listed as apolitical prisoner.[14][15][16]
The 2007Xinjiang raid occurred in the county.
In 2015, Chinese state media reported about a huge body of theKongur Tiube glacier (7,530 metres) collapsing causing a 20 km long and one kilometre wide ice rock avalanche.[17]
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Akto County is located in thecentral hinterland ofAsia, thewesternmost part ofChina, the southwest ofXinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the easternPamir Plateau, and the western edge of theTarim Basin. It is located between east longitudes 73°26'5" and 76°43'31", and between north latitude 37°41'28" and 39°29'55". Its maximum length from north to south is 283.2 kilometers long from the middle section of Maltabar Mountain (玛里他巴尔山) in the northwest to The Kokluk Farm (科克鲁克农场) in Kuslap Township (库斯拉甫乡) in the southeast; its maximum length from west to east is 216 kilometers long from Subash Village (苏巴什村) in Bulungkol Township (布伦口乡) in the southwest to the Jamaterak Township (加马铁热克乡) in the northeast. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with a total area of 24,555 square kilometers.[10]
Akto County includes parts of three major geographic regions: the Pamirs, the northern slopes of theKunlun Mountains, and theoasis on the western edge of the Tarim Basin. Mountainous areas (generally at an altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 meters) make up 96.39% of the county's total area. The Kungay Mountain (昆盖山) in the northwest is at the boundary withWuqia County, at an elevation of 5,753.7 meters. TheSarikol Range (萨雷阔勒岭) in the southwest is more than 4,500 meters above sea level; the highest peak ofKongur Tagh (公格尔山) in the central part is 7,719 meters above sea level, Kongur Tiube (公格尔九别峰) is 7,530 meters, andMuztagh Ata (慕士塔格峰) is 7,541 meters. There are 66 snow-capped peaks in the territory, including 36 large ice peaks. The mountaintops have snow year round, and there are glaciers of different sizes around the peaks. Large parts of the county are subject to severe drought and erosion due to the bare mountains and sparse vegetation. Bare mountains in the area are formed from different types of rock, and may therefore be gray, black, yellow, red or white.The midwestern part of the county is on the Pamir Plateau. Several giant mountains on theAsiancontinent - theHimalayas, theKarakoram Range, theKunlun Mountains, theTian Shan Mountains and theHindu Kush Mountains are all gathered here. The Kongur–Muztagh Mountains (公格尔-慕士塔格山), the main range of the Pamirs, are mainly in Akto County. The range extends southward toTashkurgan County, and to the northeast intoYengisar andKargilik counties.Muztagh is the boundary mountain between Akto County and Tashkurgan County; the top of the mountain is accumulating ice and snow, and the thickness of snow is more than 100 meters. There are more than 40 modernglaciers distributed below the snow line, with ice sheets about 100 meters deep. Glacial meltwater is the main source of agricultural irrigation in the county, and it is also the main source of supply for the Gez River (盖孜河) and the Kushan River (库山河).
The southern part of Akto County is the northern slope of Kunlun Mountains, which is the main mountain of the Kunlun. In addition to theJogori Peak, the other three famous peaks of Muztagh Ata,Kongur Tagh and Kongur Tiube are almost all in Akto. Kunlun is famous for itsjade production. It is located in the mountains of Akto in the upperreaches of theYarkand River. There are many jademines. These jade stones, exposed in the rock formations by the river, are washed into the riverbed in the lower reaches, and stepping on jade in the Yarkand River has become a production activity andindustry that the local people have been engaged in for thousands of years.
The northeastern part of the county is an oasis, located on the southwestern edge of the Tarim Basin and part of the Tarim Oasis. The plain agricultural areas in the county are mainly divided into two parts: one is the front flood fan of the Pamir Mountains, and the other is the Gez-Kushan River Delta (盖孜-库山河三角洲). These two plains, in terms of large landform types, belong to the Kashgar Delta (喀什噶尔三角洲) and form an oasis on the southwest edge of the Tarim Basin. The Gez-Kushan River Delta, located in the southern part of the Kashgar Plain (喀什噶尔平原), the northern part of the northern slope of the Pamir-West Kunlun Mountain Range, the triangle between the Gez and the Kushan rivers, covers an area of about 800 square kilometers, and has a distribution population of more than 100,000, accounting for about 68% of the total population of the county. It is composed of the flood of the Gez river and the Kushan River - alluvial fan and Gez River - the dympastain plain saticity of the Yuepuhu River, mainly including Akto Town, Yumai, Barin, Pilal, Jamaterak and other agricultural areas. The area is flat, at an altitude of about 1,200 to 1,500 meters, with abundant water and fertile land.[10]
| Climate data for Akto, elevation 1,325 m (4,347 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.9 (42.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 22.9 (73.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 30.6 (87.1) | 26.6 (79.9) | 20.2 (68.4) | 11.4 (52.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | 18.7 (65.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) | −0.6 (30.9) | 8.0 (46.4) | 15.1 (59.2) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 24.0 (75.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 11.0 (51.8) | 3.1 (37.6) | −4.1 (24.6) | 11.0 (51.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.1 (10.2) | −6.4 (20.5) | 1.4 (34.5) | 7.7 (45.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 14.6 (58.3) | 16.5 (61.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 10.9 (51.6) | 3.9 (39.0) | −3.0 (26.6) | −8.6 (16.5) | 4.3 (39.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 4.0 (0.16) | 7.2 (0.28) | 8.1 (0.32) | 5.6 (0.22) | 16.3 (0.64) | 13.7 (0.54) | 12.9 (0.51) | 13.1 (0.52) | 10.5 (0.41) | 5.4 (0.21) | 2.8 (0.11) | 2.9 (0.11) | 102.5 (4.03) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 36.7 |
| Average snowy days | 6.1 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 5.4 | 18 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 70 | 62 | 51 | 44 | 49 | 50 | 55 | 62 | 66 | 67 | 65 | 74 | 60 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 140.9 | 153.6 | 183.8 | 210.2 | 252.8 | 299.7 | 301.9 | 269.2 | 240.7 | 228.2 | 180.5 | 134.9 | 2,596.4 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 46 | 50 | 49 | 52 | 57 | 67 | 68 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 61 | 46 | 58 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[18][19] | |||||||||||||
The county has 12 township-level administrative divisions under its jurisdiction, with five state-owned farms.[20][21]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Kyrgyz (Arabic script) | Kyrgyz (Cyrillic script) | Administrative division code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towns | ||||||||
| Akto Town | 阿克陶镇 | Ākètáo Zhèn | ئاقتو بازىرى | Aqto baziri | ﺍﻗﺘﻮﻭ شاارچاسى | Ак-Тоо шаарчасы | 653022100 | |
| Oytak Town | 奥依塔克镇 | Àoyītǎkè Zhèn | ئويتاغ بازىرى | Oytagh baziri | ويتوو شاارچاسى | Ой-Тоо шаарчасы | 653022101 | |
| Kizilto Town | 克孜勒陶镇 | Kèzīlètáo Zhèn | قىزىلتو بازىرى | qizilto baziri | قىزىلتوو شاارچاسى | Кызыл-Тоо шаарчасы | 653022102 | |
| Qarlung Town | 恰尔隆镇 | Qià'ěrlóng Zhèn | چارلۇڭ بازىرى | charlung baziri | چارلىڭ شاارچاسى | Чарлың шаарчасы | 653022103 | |
| Ujme Town (Ojma Town[22]) | 玉麦镇 | Yùmài Zhèn | ئۈجمە بازىرى | Üjme baziri | ۉجمۉ شاارچاسى | Yжмү шаарчасы | 653022104 | |
| Townships | ||||||||
| Pilal Township | 皮拉勒乡 | Pílālè Xiāng | پىلال يېزىسى | pilal yëzisi | پىلال ايىلى | Пылал айылы | 653022201 | |
| Barin Township | 巴仁乡 | Bārén Xiāng | بارىن يېزىسى | barin yëzisi | بارىن ايىلى | Барын айылы | 653022202 | |
| Karakeqik Township | 喀热开其克乡 | Kārèkāiqíkè Xiāng | قاراكېچىك يېزىسى | qarakëchik yëzisi | قاراكەچۉۉ ايىلى | Кара-Кечүү айылы | 653022203 | |
| Jamaterek Township | 加马铁热克乡 | Jiāmǎtiěrèkè Xiāng | جامالتېرەك يېزىسى | jamaltërek yëzisi | جامالتەرەك ايىلى | Жамал-Терек айылы | 653022204 | |
| Muji Township | 木吉乡 | Mùjí Xiāng | مۇجى يېزىسى | muji yëzisi | موجۇ ايىلى | Можу айылы | 653022205 | |
| Bulungkol Township | 布伦口乡 | Bùlúnkǒu Xiāng | بۇلۇڭكۆل يېزىسى | bulungköl yëzisi | بۇلۇڭكۅل ايىلى | Булуң-Көл айылы | 653022206 | |
| Ethnic Township | ||||||||
| Tar Tajik Ethnic Township | 塔尔塔吉克民族乡 | Tǎ'ěr Tǎjíkè Mínzúxiāng | تار تاجىك مىللىي يېزىسى | tar tajik milliy yëzisi | تار تاجئك ۇلۇتتۇق ايىلى | Тар Тажик улуттуқ айылы | 653022210 | |
Akto County has a largeUyghur majority,[23][24] numbering 172,408 in 2018, or 73.64% of the county's population.[24] The largest minority in Akto County are theKyrgyz (including theAkto Turkmens), who number 47,394 in 2018, comprising 20.24% of the county's population.[24] Other sizable minorities in the county include theHan Chinese andMountain Tajiks, with populations of 7,864 and 6,018, respectively, comprising 3.36% and 2.57% of the county's population in 2018.[24]
| Ethnic group | 2015[23] | 2018[24] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uyghur | 161,687 | 72.99% | 172,408 | 73.64% |
| Kyrgyz | 45,279 | 20.44% | 47,394 | 20.24% |
| Han Chinese | 8,347 | 3.77% | 7,864 | 3.36% |
| Mountain Tajik | 5,759 | 2.60% | 6,018 | 2.57% |
| Hui | 191 | 0.09% | 151 | 0.06% |
| Uzbek | 106 | 0.05% | 121 | 0.05% |
| Kazakh | 29 | 0.01% | 35 | 0.01% |
| Tatar | 32 | 0.01% | 34 | 0.01% |
| Mongol | 18 | 0.01% | 12 | 0.01% |
| Sibe | 6 | < 0.01% | 9 | < 0.01% |
| Manchu | 3 | < 0.01% | 6 | < 0.01% |
| Daur | 1 | < 0.01% | 1 | < 0.01% |
| Others | 68 | 0.03% | 72 | 0.03% |
| Total | 221,526 | 100.00% | 234,125 | 100.00% |
Akto is served by theKashgar-Hotan Railway.
总面积24176平方千米。
Tourists visit the Baisha Lake in Akto County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, July 2, 2019.
The rebellion, in Xinjiang's far western Aqtu county, was quickly put down by Chinese troops employing lethal force.
The officer from Ujme Township in Aktu (Aketao in Chinese) County, Kizilsu (Kezilesu) prefecture,
These issues came to a head in April 1990 when a violent and bloody uprising started in Baren, a township in Aktu County in close proximity to Kashgar.
"阿克陶"系柯尔克孜语，意为"白山"，即雪山。
219.AFP, July 10, 1996,FBIS, July 18, 1996, p. 65.
2000年第五次人口普查，阿克陶县常住总人口163024人，{...}2003年，全县总面积24555.06平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，阿克陶县常住总人口199065人，其中：阿克陶镇36270人，奥依塔克镇4520人，玉麦乡25832人，皮拉力乡43228人，巴仁乡32909人，喀热克其克乡5299人，加马铁力克乡10311人，木吉乡3892人，布伦口乡6922人，克孜勒陶乡9259人，恰尔隆乡4823人，库斯拉甫乡3542人，塔尔乡5059人，托尔塔依农场3827人，阿克达拉牧场2527人，原种场602人，克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州林场36人，苗圃207人。
A villager called Reyhangul Imir from a poor household in Ojma Township, Akto County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture
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![From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Akto (A-k'o-t'ao) (DMA, 1980)[b]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aOperational_Navigation_Chart_G-7%2c_6th_edition.jpg)
![Map including (A-k'o-t'ao) Akto (DMA, 1984)[c]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aTxu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7a.jpg)
