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Afrasiyab dynasty چلاویان
1349–1504
Capital	Amol (1349–1359 & 1393-1403) Firuzkuh (?) (1403–1504)
Common languages	Mazandarani
Religion	Shia Islam
Government	Monarchy
• 1349–1359	Kiya Afrasiyab(first)
• ?–1504	Kiya Husayn II(last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	1349
• Safavid conquest	1504
Preceded by Succeeded by Bavand dynasty Marashis Safavid Iran

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Prehistoric period BCE / BC Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium
Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Helmand culture/Jiroft culture c. 3300–2200 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100-675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550-2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616 Zikirti 750-521 Saparda 720-670
Imperial period Median Empire 678–550 BC Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC Sogdia c. 6th century BC–11th century AD Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD Atropatene c. 323 BC–226 AD Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Elymais 147 BC–224 AD Characene 141 BC–222 AD Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5 Paratarajas 125–300 Sasanian Empire 224–651 Zarmihrids 6th century–785 Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
Medieval period CE / AD Rashidun Caliphate 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Baduspanids 665–1598 Justanids 791 – 11th century Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Rawadid dynasty 955–1070 Hasanwayhids 959–1095 Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186 Annazids 990/1–1117 Kakuyids 1008–1141 Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236 Shabankara 1030–1355 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Salghurids 1148–1282 Hazaraspids 1155–1424 Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231 Khorshidi dynasty 1184-1597 Qutlugh-Khanids 1223-1306 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Mar'ashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period Safavid Iran 1501–1736 (Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Modern period Qajar Iran 1789–1925 Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Contemporary period Iranian Revolution 1979 Interim Government 1979 Islamic Republic 1979–present
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TheAfrasiyab orChalavi dynasty was a relatively minorIranianShia dynasty ofTabaristan (present-dayMazandaran province,Iran) and flourished in thelate medieval, pre-Safavid period; it is also called the Kia dynasty. It was founded byKiya Afrasiyab, who conquered theBavand kingdom in 1349 and made himself king of the region. In 1504,Ismail I invaded Mazandaran and ended Afrasiyab rule of the region.

Kiya Afrasiyab was the son of certain Hasan Chulabi, who belonged to the Chulabids, a prominent family ofMazandaran which served theBavandids. Afrasiyab was thesipahsalar and the brother-in-law of the Bavandid rulerHasan II (r. 1334–1349).

In 1349, the Bavandid ruler Hasan ordered the execution of one of his most powerful officials, Jalal ibn Ahmad Jal, who was from the powerful Jalali which governedSari. The execution resulted in a revolt by the nobles of Mazandaran. Hasan then tried to get support from the Chulabids. However, the two sons of Afrasiyab, murdered Hasan while the latter was in a bath.

Afrasiyab then gained control of the Bavandid territories, thus marking the end of the Bavand dynasty and the start of the Afrasiyab dynasty. A son of Hasan managed to flee to the court of thePaduspanid rulerEskandar II, who later tried to restore Bavand rule in Mazandaran, but failed to do so. Afrasiyab also faced another problem; the nobles of Mazandaran did not acknowledge his rule and viewed it as usurpation.^[1]

Afrasiyab shortly tried to achieve stability by asking aid fromMir-i Buzurg, aSayyiddervish fromDabudasht. However, some of Mir-i Buzurg's dervishes acted hostile to Afrasiyab, which made him imprison Mir-i Buzurg and many of his dervishes. However, the supporters of Mir-i Buzurg shortly revolted, and freed him from prison. In 1359, a battle between Afrasiyab and Mir-i Buzurg took place nearAmol, where Afrasiyab was defeated and was killed together with his three sons.

Mir-i Buzurg shortly conquered the territories of the Afrasiyab dynasty, and laid foundations to theMarashi dynasty. Afrasiyab had several other sons who tried to restore Afrasiyabid authority in Mazandaran. His son Fakhr al-Din Chulabi murdered one of the sons of Mir-i Buzurg, which resulted in a massacre of most of the Afrasiyabid family. Afrasiyab's other sonIskandar-i Shaykhi, managed with the aid ofTimur, to restore Afrasiyabid authority in 1393.^[1] Iskandar later aided Timur in his campaign toIraq,Shirvan andAnatolia. After having achieved great success during the campaign, Iskandar was allowed to return to Mazandaran, but shortly rebelled against Timur. In 1403, Timur invaded Mazandaran to repress the rebellion. Iskandar, together with his wife and two children, then fled from Amol. Iskandar, fearing that they might betray him, killed them.^[1]

Iskandar was shortly killed by the army of Timur, who under the orders of Timur, had Iskandar's head sent to his sonKiya Husayn I, who had fortified himself inFiruzkuh. Kiya Husayn I, after having seen the head of his father, agreed to surrender to Timur, and was pardoned by the latter, who acknowledged him as the ruler of the Afrasiyab dynasty. Kiya Husayn was later succeeded by his son Luhrasp, who ruled sometime around 1475. His grandson,Kiya Husayn II, ruled over a large part of western Mazandaran, and districts of Firuzkuh,Damavand, and Hari-rud. During the dissolution of theAq Qoyunlu confederation, Kiya Husayn II expanded his rule from western into centralIran, where he capturedRay andSemman. He also defeated Mohammad Hosayn Mirza, who was the Timurid governor ofAstarabad.^[1]

He later became the enemy of theSafavidShahIsmail I (r. 1501–1524), whom he may have seen as a rival for the command over theShi'ites in Iran. In 1504, Kiya Husayn II's territories was invaded by Ismail I, who seized the strongholds of Gol-e Khan and Firuzkuh, and surrounded Kiya Husayn II in Osta, who was shortly captured. However, the latter committed suicide—his body was burned atIsfahan in front its inhabitants, whilst his followers in Mazandaran were slaughtered.^[1]

• Madelung, W. (1984). "Āl-E Bǎvand (Bavandids)".Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. I, fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753.ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
• Bosworth, C. E. (1984)."Āl-e Afrāsīāb".Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. New York. pp. 742–743.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Savory, Roger (1998). "EsmāʿĪl I Ṣafawī".Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6. pp. 628–636.

• Yavari, Neguin (2015)."Afrāsiyābids". In Fleet, Kate;Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;Rowson, Everett (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online.ISSN 1873-9830.

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