TheAcademia Antártica ("Antarctic Academy") was asociety of writers, poets and intellectuals—mostly of thecriollo caste—that assembled inLima,Peru, in the 16th and 17th centuries. Their objective was to author a body of literature that matched or surpassed that of Europe's and would prove that literariness indeed thrived in Spain's remotest colonies.[1] Members of this collective together published several anthologies of original writings and translations, the most famous of which are thePrimera parte del Parnaso Antártico de obras amatorias (Antarctic Parnassus, Part One: Poems of Romance) and theSegunda parte del Parnaso Antártico de divinos poemas (Antarctic Parnassus, Part Two: Poems of the Divine).[a] These are dated 1608 and 1617, respectively.[2]
In the late 16th century,Lima,Peru, was a vibrant cultural center characterized by a widespread appreciation for literature.[3] Even in "mills, mines and haciendas", not to mention in the homes of the aristocracy, classicalGreek andRoman texts were circulated heavily.[4] These included the writings ofAristotle,Herodotus,Petrarch,Cicero andOvid.[5] Indeed, one of the Academia's most distinguishing features is its members' imitations of—and relentlessallusions to—classical canonical texts.[6]
The literary community inLima was keenly attentive to cultural trends in Europe.[7] It is likely that certain Limeño writers felt compelled to form the Academia Antártica in the last decades of the 16th century because similar societies had sprung up inSeville around that same time.[8] Because no records documenting the society's gatherings or membership roster remain, little else is known for certain about the Academia.[9] Most of the information we have about its mission and affiliates comes from only three sources: (1) a sonnet composed by Gaspar de Villaroel that appears in theArauco domado (1596) and is dedicated to the society; (2) the lyric poem "Discurso en loor de la poesía", which is attributed to the enigmaticClarinda and praises many of the Academia's members; and (3) a sonnet named "Academia" that was written byPedro de Oña.[10]
Scholars debate the organization and membership of the Academia Antártica—at least one critic has even suggested that it was actually just a branch of the University of San Marcos;[6] however, there is little disagreement about the society's mission to spread the word that inLima world-caliber literary geniuses thrived.[6] Under the scrutiny of recent post-colonial theorists, the society's name has been interpreted as a deliberately hybrid intended to unite literary customs ("Academia") and spaces where they existed without recognition ("Antártica").[9] The original poetry associated with the Academia, in particularClarinda's "Discurso en loor de la poesía" ("Discourse in Praise of Poetry"), seems to confirm that its members resented Europe's reluctance to acknowledge as talented the poets who lived and wrote in the American colonies.[9]
To modern readers, the Academia's writing may seem more European in style and theme than American. This may be due to the collective's emphasis on the translation and imitation of classical works, the adherence to then-popularPetrarchan tropes, and the general absence of references to indigenous peoples and folklore. Nevertheless, the Academia represents an important step toward the achievement of aPeruvian national literature and its recognition by European intellectuals.[11] This recognition may have come from Spain's most influential author himself,Miguel de Cervantes, who in hisCanto a Calíope (1583) celebrates the literature generated in Spain's American colonies, though he does not mention the Academia Antártica by name.[6]
The most influential of the Academia Antártica's works, thePrimer parte del Parnaso Antártico de obras amotorias (Antarctic Parnassus, Part One: Poems of Romance) was printed inSeville in 1603.[12] Its centerpiece is the new Spanish-language translation ofOvid'sHeroides, penned by Diego Mexía de Fernangil, a Spaniard who traveled extensively in Mexico andPeru and was a fundamental member of the Academia.[13] The volume also contains Mexía's "El autor a sus amigos" ("From the Author to His Friends"), a narrative of his travels through theSpanish Empire.[13]
The publication's cover features an emblem and motto that more or less summarize the Academia's objective (see the facsimile to the right). The motto reads: "Si Marte llevó a ocaso las dos colunas; Apolo llevó a Antártico las Musas y al Parnaso" ("IfMars bore the two columns [marking the boundary of known world] off to the West,Apollo carried off theMuses toParnassus and the Antarctic.").[14] The Antarctic was, in the time of Spanish colonization, a nickname for Peru—the place Mexía says the gods now favor with poetry.[13]
Preceding Mexía's translation is a collection oflyric poems written by fellow members of the Academia Antártica and in praise of the author's work. The most notable of these isClarinda's "Discurso en loor de la poesía" ("Discourse in Praise of Poetry"), which also invokes figures from Greek and Roman mythology to lionize the literary genius of colonial Peruvian writers. Due in part to 20th-centuryfeminist andpost-colonial analyses, Clarinda's "Discurso" has surpassed Mexía's translation in respect and canonization and has become the Academia's "most celebrated" product.[6]
Mexía followed the first part of theAntarctic Parnassus series with two subsequent collections. The immediate follow-up,Segunda parte del Parnaso Antártico de divinos poemas (Antarctic Parnassus, Part Two: Poems of the Divine) has thus far received less critical scrutiny than its predecessor. The final volume, the third part of theAntarctic Parnassus, has been lost.
The two afore-mentioned publications, and the lost third volume, are the publications most often associated with the Academia Antártica as a collective. However, many of the society's members published other works independently and collectively that also reflect the Academia's influences. These include Carlos de Balboa'sMiscelánea Antártica (1586) and Diego Dávalos de Figueroa'sMiscelánea Austral (1602).[15]
This list is adopted from the one presented in Sonia Rose's essay, and the categorization is hers; however, the Spanish-language Wikipedia article includes additional names that could not be verified.
Authors with complete poems intact:
Authors with poem fragments intact:
Authors known only by reference:
Authors of questionable membership: