Under theWhyte notation for the classification ofsteam locomotives,2-2-2 represents thewheel arrangement of twoleading wheels on one axle, two powereddriving wheels on one axle, and twotrailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a largerfirebox than the earlier0-2-2 and2-2-0 types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as aSingle, although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.
Other equivalent classifications are:
The 2-2-2 configuration appears to have been developed byRobert Stephenson & Company in 1834, as an enlargement of their2-2-0Planet configuration, offering more stability and a largerfirebox. The new type became known as Stephenson'sPatentee locomotive.[1]Adler, the first successful locomotive to operate in Germany, was aPatentee supplied by Robert Stephenson & Company in component form in December, 1835 was one of the earliest examples. Other examples were exported to theNetherlands,Russia andItaly.[2] By 1838 the 2-2-2 had become the standard passenger design by Robert Stephenson & Company.[3]
Eighteen of the first nineteen locomotives ordered byIsambard Kingdom Brunel for the opening of theGreat Western Railway in 1837/8 were of the 2-2-2 type.[4] These included six2-2-2 locomotives built by Charles Tayleur at hisVulcan Foundry. Also in 1837 the successfulNorth Star broad gauge locomotive was delivered to the Great Western Railway by Stephenson, becoming the first of a class of twelve locomotives by 1841.
Sharp, Roberts & Company constructed more than 600 2-2-2 locomotives between 1837 and 1857. Ten of these supplied to theGrand Junction Railway became the basis ofAlexander Allan's successful designs for the railway from 1845 (the first of which, formerly namedColumbine, is preserved).John Rennie supplied 2-2-2 locomotives to theLondon and Croydon Railway from 1838 and theLondon and Brighton Railway in 1840.[5]Arend ("eagle") was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands, built byR. B. Longridge and Company ofBedlington, Northumberland in 1839.
The Great Western Railway continued to order bothbroad gauge andstandard gauge locomotives on the railway, including theFirefly andSun classes (1840–42), which were enlarged versions ofNorth Star.Bury, Curtis and Kennedy supplied six 2-2-2 locomotives to theBristol and Gloucester Railway in 1844, and fourteen to theGreat Southern and Western Railway in Ireland in 1848, (the last of these has been preserved atCork Kent railway station.
TheJenny Lind locomotive, designed byDavid Joy and built in 1847 for theLondon, Brighton and South Coast Railway by theE. B. Wilson and Company ofLeeds, became the basis of hundreds of similar passenger locomotives built during the 1840s and 1850s by this and other manufacturers for UK railways. TheLondon and North Western RailwayCornwall locomotive was designed atCrewe Works as a4-2-2 byFrancis Trevithick in 1847, but was rebuilt as a 2-2-2 in 1858.
Although by the 1860s the 2-2-2 configuration was beginning to be superseded by the2-4-0 type with better adhesion, the invention ofsteam sanding gave 2-2-2 singles a new lease of life, and they continued to be built until the 1890s. Notable late examples includeWilliam Stroudley'ssingles of 1874–1880,William Dean's157 class of 1878–79,[6] and his3001 class (1891–92),[7][8] both for the Great Western Railway.James Holden of theGreat Eastern Railway created some2-2-2 singles in 1889 by removing thecoupling rod from a2-4-0.
The first steam railway locomotive built in Belgium in 1835, and was built byJohn Cockerill under license to a design byRobert Stephenson & Company It was built for use on the first main line on the European mainland, theBrussels-Mechelen line.[9] A replica was built at the workshops ofBoissellerie Cognaut for the 150th anniversary of the formation ofBelgium.[10]Brussels-Mechelen line
Two 2-2-2 locomotives were imported from Longridge and Co ofBedlington Ironworks England for theNaples–Portici railway in 1839 named Bayard and Vesuvio. A replica of 'Bayard is at the Naples Railway Museum.[11]
Most of the earliest locomotives to operate in what is now Germany before the mid-1840s were 2-2-2s delivered by UK manufacturers. However, by 1839 the type was also being built locallyseeList of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses. ThePegasus of 1839 was the first locomotive to be built by theSächsische Maschinenbau-Compagnie inChemnitz.August Borsig and Company manufacturedBeuth in 1843 which was highly successful; its valve design became de facto standard for locomotives for decades to come.[12] By 1846 he had manufactured more than a hundred similar locomotives. Both theLeipzig-Dresden Railway andRoyal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) built several 2-2-2 classes 1841–1859. Similarly, theGrand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway grouped various 2-2-2 steam locomotives procured from German manufacturers between 1848 and 1863 into itsMecklenburg I class.
TheImperial Austrian State Railways (kaiserlich-königliche österreichische Staatsbahnen or kkStB) built two successfullocomotives of this wheel arrangement in 1907. Similarly the Federal Railway of Austria (BBÖ) built two examples of an express tanklocomotive in 1934 and 1937.
One of last 2-2-2 tank locomotives were ordered byLatvian Railways, for local traffic. The locomotives Tk class were designed by German Hohenzollern, and 20 were manufactured in Germany and Latvia in 1928–1934.[13] They were next seized by Soviet railways. After World War II one served in Poland as OKa1 class.[13]
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