.so is theinternetcountry code top-level domain (ccTLD) forSomalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.[1] It was launched through various accreditedregistrars around the world.
On 11 July 2013 theISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for theccTLD.
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC),[2] which introduced new limitations on purchasing.so domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia.[3][4] As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new.so domain names.[5]
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.[6]
Due to thecivil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated toMonolith Innovation Group, a company inPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,[7] which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, theMinistry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.[8]
Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.
Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the formexample.ml.org at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain likeexample.com,example.org orexample.net[9]
The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for acountry code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.
According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles."[10]However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures.[11] Its second-level domains remain registered toAveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use.[12]Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners."[13][14]
However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured,[citation needed] so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.
On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.[15] In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.
The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.[1]
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC).[16]On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.[6][17]Somaliland banned use of this TLD as a result of the 2018 transfer.[18]
The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space.so is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space.com.so,.me.so,.net.so and.org.so are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively.[19] There also exists.edu.so for higher education institutions;.gov.so for government entities;.sch.so for schools;[20] and.gm.so,.hs.so,.jl.so,.pl.so, and.sw.so forGalmudug,Hirshabelle,Jubbaland,Puntland, andSouth West states respectively.
