Celebrating St Edward

In a stone shrine at the heart of Westminster Abbey is the tomb of Edward the Confessor, king and saint, although this was not his original resting place.

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Edward, was born in Islip, Oxfordshire, sometime between 1002 and 1005AD, the eighth son of King Ethelred 'the Unready' and Emma.

He was driven into exile in Normandy by the Danes and vowed that should he ever return safely home, he would make a pilgrimage to Rome in thanks. After 28 years in France, he was eventually invited to return to England. He succeeded his half-brother Harthacnut and was crowned in Winchester Cathedral in 1043.

Crowning of a king

Edward’s coronation in Winchester Cathedral depicted on a 15th-century stone screen in the Confessor’s chapel in the Abbey

Once on the throne, however, Edward found it impossible to leave his subjects and the Pope released him from his vow on condition that he should found or restore a monastery to St Peter. Having established his new Palace of Westminster on the banks of the river Thames, Edward chose to fulfil his vow by re-endowing and greatly enlarging a Benedictine monastery which stood nearby. The monastery had been founded some hundred years earlier,in 960AD, under the patronage of King Edgar and St Dunstan. The large stone church he built, dedicated to St Peter the Apostle, became known as the ‘west minster’ to distinguish it from St Paul's Cathedral (the east minster) in the City of London.

Edward's church

A conjectural drawing of how Edward’s stone Abbey may have looked

Edward’s new church was consecrated on Holy Innocents’ Day, 28th December 1065, but the king was too ill to attend and died just a few days later, on 5th January 1066. The burial procession from Westminster Hall to the Abbey, where prayers were said all day and the following night, is shown on the Bayeux Tapestry. He was buried the following day, 6th January - the Feast of the Epiphany - before the High Altar of the church that he had built. There he rested for almost one hundred years until, on 13th October 1163, St Edward's body was moved – or translated – to a shrine specially prepared for it in the church.

Funeral procession

The body of King Edward is carried to Westminster Abbey for his funeral, depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry

Image: Wikimedia Commons

A life of piety

The king’s piety had greatly endeared him to his people and he came to be regarded as a saint long before he was officially canonised as Saint and Confessor by Pope Alexander III in 1161. The term 'Confessor' applies to those who have suffered for their faith but who were not martyred.

He was associated with legends including a story from towards the end of his life. Edward was riding by a church in Essex and an old man asked for alms. As the king had no money to give he drew a large ring off his finger and gave this to the beggar. A few years later two pilgrims were travelling in the Holy Land and became stranded. They were helped by an old man and when he knew they came from England he told them he was St John the Evangelist and asked them to return the ring to Edward telling him that in six months he would join him in heaven. The story is one of fourteen scenes from the king’s life – real and legendary – carved on a mid-15^th-century stone screen in the Abbey. Also shown are his birth, his coronation, Christ appearing to Edward at Mass, and the dedication of a church, assumed to be the Abbey.

Pilgrims

St John gives Edward’s ring to two pilgrims in the Holy Land

Edward’s 11^th-century monastery stood for some two hundred years until 1245 whenKing Henry III began building a much grander Abbey in honour of St Edward, to whom he was especially devoted.

Edward's monastery

In the cloisters is the Pyx chamber, which with its round arches and massive supporting columns, is one of the few survivals from Edward’s monastery that can be seen today.

The new church was consecrated on 13^th October 1269, when Edward’s remains were once again moved, this time to a new shrine behind the High Altar. Henry, his brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and his two sons bore the coffin on their shoulders in a solemn procession.

Henry had lavished huge sums on the church. The cost of the shrine alone was £45,000 or around £15 million in today’s money. It was richly decorated withCosmati mosaics, the work carried out by Italian craftsmen led by Pietro di Oderisio.

Holy place

St Edward’s tomb in the chapel dedicated to him at the heart of Westminster Abbey

Such was Henry’s devotion to St Edward, that following his death in 1272, he was buried in a Purbeck marble tomb in the Confessor’s chapel. A further four kings and four queens were later buried here too, includingEdward I and Eleanor of Castile,Richard II and Anne of Bohemia, andHenry V.

A tradition of pilgrimage

A cult of St Edward had grown up and until this was superseded by St George in the 14^th-century, many regarded Edward as the patron saint of England. The sick made pilgrimages to the shrine and knelt in the recesses to pray for healing – a tradition which continues on special occasions to this day.

Continuing the tradition

Worshippers pray in the Chapel of St Edward the Confessor during the Edwardtide pilgrimage, October 2019

Every year, the Octave of St Edward is celebrated in the Abbey from 13th - 18th October. A national pilgrimage to Edward's shrine is held, attracting worshippers from across the United Kingdom and further afield, all of whom come to experience the beauty of the Abbey in an atmosphere characterised by prayer. The celebrations in 2019 were particularly significant, marking as they did the 750^th anniversary of Edward’s translation and the dedication of Henry III’s Abbey. Pilgrims had the opportunity to veneratea new icon of St Edward, by the Orthodox Russian iconographer Archimandrite Zinon (Teodor), which was dedicated and placed in on the shrine.

Icon

The new icon of St Edward, made of egg tempera on a lime board and framed in oak

St Edward’s burial in the Abbey, the coronations and burials of many of his successors, together with commemorations of people of national and international significance, have led to Westminster Abbey becoming a unique place of prayer and thanksgiving as well as pilgrimage.

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